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Year in Review 2014

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Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law Volume 17, 2014

Part of the book series: Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law ((YIHL,volume 17))

Abstract

2014 was marked with several noteworthy events with particular relevance to international humanitarian law, such as the continuation of the conflict in Syria and the incidents related to the use of chemical weapons in that conflict; several key decisions in international and hybrid courts related to the adjudication of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide; the entry into force of the Arms Trade Treaty; release of the US Report on Torture and a Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict. This chapter addresses a number of these issues among other events of note.

F van Ooijen, LL.M., International Law and Security, LL.M., International and European Law. The authors would like to especially thank Alina Balta for her assistance in the preparation of this Year In Review.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See ‘History, the War in Afghanistan’, BBC News, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/the_war_in_afghanistan (accessed 6 May 2015).

  2. 2.

    See C. Mallick, ‘NATO formally ends 13 year conflict in Afghanistan’, Jurist (29 December 2014), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/12/nato-holds-ceremony-to-formally-end-13-year-conflict-in-afghanistan---dnp.php (accessed 6 May 2015).

  3. 3.

    See North American Treaty Organization (NATO), ‘NATO Secretary General’s statement on a new chapter in Afghanistan’, NATO website (28 December 2014) http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_116341.htm?selectedLocale=en (accessed 6 May 2015).

  4. 4.

    See Amnesty International, 2014 ‘Afghanistan: No justice for thousands of civilians killed in US/NATO operations’, (11 August 2014) https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2014/08/afghanistan-no-justice-thousands-civilians-killed-usnato-operations/ (accessed 6 May 2015).

  5. 5.

    See United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), 2014 p. 1. http://unama.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=OhsZ29Dgeyw%3D&tabid=12254&mid=15756&language=en-US (accessed 3 June 2015).

  6. 6.

    See Uppsala University UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia ‘Central African Republic’, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=31&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa# (accessed 6 May 2014).

  7. 7.

    See S/Res/2134 http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2134(2014) (accessed 6 May 2015).

  8. 8.

    See ‘Central African Republic: UN probe set to investigate reports of rights violations’, UN News Centre (10 March 2014), http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47314&Cr=central+african+republic&Cr1=%20-%212.UyF5-l81iAx#.VUnxEU0cRHg (accessed 6 May 2015).

  9. 9.

    See ‘UN report disputes genocide claims in CAR’ Al Jazeera (6 June 2014) http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/06/un-report-disputes-genocide-claims-car-20146610611138683.html (accessed 15 June 2015).

  10. 10.

    Ibid.

  11. 11.

    See ‘Central African Republican Crisis: war crimes committed,’ BBC News (6 June 2014) http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27727465 (accessed 15 June 2015).

  12. 12.

    See ‘AU backs call for war crimes tribunal in CAR,’ Al Jazeera (7 June 2014) http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/06/au-backs-call-war-crimes-tribunal-car-20146781117534173.html (accessed 17 June 2015).

  13. 13.

    See ‘ Central African Republic president requests ICC investigation,’ Jurist (13 June 2014) http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/06/central-african-republic-president-requests-icc-investigation.php (accessed 18 June 2015).

  14. 14.

    See ICC Office of the Prosecutor ‘Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, on opening a second investigation in the Central African Republic’ (24 September 2014)

    http://www.icc-cpi.int/EN_Menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/pages/pr1043.aspx (accessed 10 June 2015).

  15. 15.

    See Human Rights Watch: “Central African Republic: ICC Investigation Needed,” (26 June 2014) http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/26/central-african-republic-icc-investigation-needed (accessed 15 June 2015).

  16. 16.

    See Amnesty International: “CAR: Failure to effectively investigate war crimes fuels further atrocities and fear,” (11 December 2014) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/12/car-failure-effectively-investigate-war-crimes-fuels-further-atrocities-and-fear/ (accessed 1 July 2015).

  17. 17.

    See ‘Colombia: the challenges of a continuing armed conflict’, Interview with Christophe Beney, Head of the ICRC Delegation in Colombia (29 September 2011), http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/interview/2011/colombia-interview-2011-09-29.htm (accessed 28 May 2014). See also S. Sivakumaran, Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 230: “Despite their very real cross-border elements, the non-international character of the Colombia/FARC armed conflict…is not seriously challenged.”

  18. 18.

    See Human Rights Watch, World Report 2013, p. 214: www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/wr2013_web.pdf (accessed 3 June 2015). Amnesty International said that figures were very difficult to verify, but at least tens of thousands of people per year are displaced due to the conflict, see Amnesty International Report 2013, p. 65: The State of The World’s Human Rights, http://files.amnesty.org/air13/AmnestyInternational_AnnualReport2013_complete_en.pdf. (accessed 5 June 2015).

  19. 19.

    See ‘Colombia’s FARC peace talks resume in Cuba’, BBC News (5 December 2012), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20618131 (accessed 28 May 2015).

  20. 20.

    See ‘Q&A: Colombia peace talks’, BBC News (2 September 2013), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19875363 (accessed 9 June 2015).

  21. 21.

    See Julia Symmes Cobb: ‘Colombia ICRC says peace may solve mystery of disappeared,’ Reuters (23 April 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/23/us-colombia-rebels-idUSBREA3M23M20140423 (accessed 1 July 2015).

  22. 22.

    See Peter Murphy: ‘Colombia’s FARC declare poll ceasefire, take swipe at Zuluaga,’ Reuters (7 June 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/08/us-colombia-elections-farc-idUSKBN0EI0XB20140608 (accessed 1 July 2015).

  23. 23.

    See ‘Colombia conflict victims join Farc peace talks in Cuba,’ BBC News (17 August 2014) http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28822683 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  24. 24.

    See ‘Colombia’s government suspends FARC peace talks,’ EuroNews, (17 November 2014) http://www.euronews.com/2014/11/17/colombia-government-suspends-farc-peace-talks/ (accessed 2 July 2015).

  25. 25.

    See ‘Colombia’s FARC to release captured general,’ Al Jazeera (21 November 2014) http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2014/11/farc-agrees-release-captured-general-20141119231522423811.html (accessed 3 July 2015).

  26. 26.

    See Andrew Willis and Nathan Gill, “Colombian Peace Talks to Resume After FARC Frees Hostages,” Bloomberg News (1 December 2014) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-01/colombian-peace-talks-to-resume-after-farc-frees-hostages (accessed 3 July 2015).

  27. 27.

    See ‘Colombia Farc rebels declare indefinite unilateral truce,’ BBC News (17 December 2014) http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-30525871 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  28. 28.

    See ‘Democratic Republic of Congo profile’, BBC News (11 March 2014), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13286306 (accessed 1 July 2015).

  29. 29.

    See ‘ICC prosecutors allege Congo war crimes suspect used child soldiers,’ Jurist (10 February 2014) http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/02/icc-prosecutors-allege-congo-war-crimes-suspect-used-child-soldiers.php (accessed 2 July 2015).

  30. 30.

    See ‘ICC ready to put Congolese warlord on trial,’ Reuters (9 June 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/09/uk-icc-congodemocratic-warlord-idUSKBN0EK1I320140609 (accessed 1 July 2015).

  31. 31.

    See Human Rights Watch World Report 2015, http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/democratic-republic-congo (accessed 3 July 2015).

  32. 32.

    See Human Rights Watch: ‘Accountability for Atrocities Committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,’ (1 April 2014) http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/01/accountability-atrocities-committed-democratic-republic-congo (accessed 3 July 2015).

  33. 33.

    See Human Rights Watch World Report 2015, http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/democratic-republic-congo (accessed 3 July 2015).

  34. 34.

    See ‘Two soldiers jailed for life over Congo mass-rape case,’ Reuters (5 May 2015) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/05/us-congodemocratic-rape-idUSBREA440N820140505?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  35. 35.

    See Al Jazeera Inside Story: ‘War rape: Is justice being done?’ (5 May 2014) http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2014/05/war-rape-justice-being-done-201455163130173.html (accessed 3 July 2015).

  36. 36.

    See Global Summit to End Sexual Violence, 10–13 June 2014 https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/sexual-violence-in-conflict (accessed 3 July 2015).

  37. 37.

    See Human Rights Watch World Report 2015, http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/democratic-republic-congo (accessed 3 July 2015).

  38. 38.

    See ‘DR Congo court gives rebel turned general 10 years for war crimes,’ New Vision (8 November 2014) http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/661614-dr-congo-court-gives-rebel-turned-general-10-years-for-war-crimes.html (accessed 3 July 2015).

  39. 39.

    See ‘DR Congo: UN official applauds sentencing of militia leader for war crimes,’ UN News Centre (9 November 2014) http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=49291#.VZOXbGcw9Hh (accessed 3 July 2015).

  40. 40.

    See ‘Congolese colonel gets life for crimes against humanity,’ The New Age Online, (15 December 2015) http://www.thenewage.co.za/146272-1019-53-Congolese_colonel_gets_life_for_crimes_against_humanity (accessed 3 July 2015).

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    See European Parliament, Parliamentary questions, “Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commissions”, 4 February 2014, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2013-012201&language=EN.

  43. 43.

    European Parliament, Debates, Wednesday, 26 February 2014, Strasbourg, 15. Use of armed drones (debate), Dimitrios Kourkoulas, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+20140226+ITEM-015+DOC+XML+V0//EN.

  44. 44.

    G. De Kerchove and C. Höhn, “Counter-Terrorism and International Law Since 9/11, Including in the EU-US Context”, in: T.D. Gill, T. McCormack, R. Geiβ, R. Heinsch, Ch. Paulussen and J. Dorsey (eds.), Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 2013, T.M.C. Asser Press: The Hague, 2015, p. 291.

  45. 45.

    European Parliament, Debates, Wednesday, 26 February 2014, Strasbourg, 15. Use of armed drones (debate), Dimitrios Kourkoulas, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+20140226+ITEM-015+DOC+XML+V0//EN.

  46. 46.

    The Special Rapporteur’s final report can be found on the Human Rights

    Council’s website: “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ben Emmerson”, A/HRC/25/59, 11 March 2014,

    http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/Pages/ListReports.aspx (accessed 3 July 2015).

  47. 47.

    The resolution (A/HRC/25/L.32, 24 March 2014) is available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/HRC/25/L.32 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  48. 48.

    States voting in favor (27): Algeria, Argentina, Botswana, Brazil, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Gabon, Indonesia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Maldives, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Venezuela and Vietnam. States voting against (6): France, Japan, Republic of Korea, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, United Kingdom, and United States of America. States abstaining (14): Austria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Czech Republic, Estonia, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Italy, Montenegro, Namibia, Romania, and United Arab Emirates.

  49. 49.

    See Letta Tayler, ‘EU should press Obama on drone secrecy,’ Human Rights Watch (27 March 2014) http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/03/27/eu-should-press-obama-drone-secrecy (accessed 3 July 2015).

  50. 50.

    See e.g., American Civil Liberties Union, Amnesty International, Center for Human Rights & Global Justice, and the Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law, Center for Civilians in Conflict, Center for Constitutional Rights, Human Rights Clinic, Columbia Law School, Human Rights First, Human Rights Watch, International Commission of Jurists, Open Society Foundations, “Joint Letter to the UN Human Rights Council on Targeted Killings and the Use of Armed Drones”, 18 September 2014, http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/18/joint-letter-un-human-rights-council-targeted-killings-and-use-armed-drones (accessed 3 July 2015).

  51. 51.

    See OHCHR, ‘Human Rights Council holds panel on remotely piloted aircraft or armed drones in counterterrorism and military operations’ (22 September 2014) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15080&LangID=E (accessed 3 July 2015). The draft report from 15 December 2014 is available at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session28/Documents/A_HRC_28_38_ENG.doc (accessed 2 July 2015).

  52. 52.

    Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Declassified Minutes of the hearing on “Drones and targeted killings: the need to uphold human rights”, held in Strasbourg (Palais de l’Europe) on 30 September 2014 http://www.assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2014/ajpv06-2014.pdf (accessed 3 July 2015).

  53. 53.

    See ‘Hamas and Israel cling to their war aims,’ DeutscheWelle (23 July 2014) http://www.dw.com/en/hamas-and-israel-cling-to-their-war-aims/a-17801137 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  54. 54.

    See ‘Gaza Crisis: Toll of operations in Gaza,’ BBC News (1 September 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28439404 (accessed 2 July 2015).

  55. 55.

    See HRC/RES/S-21/1 ‘Ensuring respect for international law in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem’ (24 July 2014) http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/Session21/A-HRC-RES-S-21-1_en.doc (accessed 3 July 2015).

  56. 56.

    See Amnesty International, ‘Israel/Gaza Conflict: Questions and Answers,’ (25 July 2014) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/07/israelgaza-conflict-questions-and-answers/ (accessed 3 July 2015).

  57. 57.

    See ‘Gaza: deadly shelling of another UN school draws condemnation, calls for ceasefire,’ UN News Center (30 July 2014) http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48369#.VZTsstOqqkp (accessed 3 July 2015).

  58. 58.

    See Amnesty International: ‘Israel/OPT: The International Criminal Court must investigate war crimes’ (1 August 2014) https://www.amnesty.org.uk/sites/default/files/mde150192014en.pdf (accessed 3 July 2015).

  59. 59.

    See ‘Hamas declares support for Palestinian bid to join international criminal court,’ The Guardian (23 August 2014).

    http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/23/hamas-back-palestinian-bid-international-criminal-court (accessed 3 July 2015).

  60. 60.

    See ‘Is the PA stalling Gaza war crimes probe?’ Al Jazeera (12 September 2014) http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/pa-leadership-speaking-with-two-voices-2014911101131329372.html (accessed 12 June 2015).

  61. 61.

    See ‘Palestine officially granted ICC observer status,’ RT (9 December 2014) http://rt.com/news/212663-palestine-icc-observer-status/ (accessed 3 July 2015).

  62. 62.

    See CNN, ‘ISIS Fast Facts’ (last updated 4 July 2015 http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/ (accessed 6 July 2015).

  63. 63.

    See Salma Abdelaziz, ‘Syrian radicals “brainwash” kidnapped Kurdish schoolchildren,’ CNN (26 June 2014) http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/25/world/meast/syria-isis-schoolboys/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  64. 64.

    See Michael Martinez et al., ‘4 western Iraqi towns fall to advancing ISIS militants,’ CNN (22 June 2014) http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/21/world/meast/iraq-crisis/index.html?iref=allsearch (accessed 3 July 2015).

  65. 65.

    See ‘Number of people fleeing ongoing crisis in Iraq increasing rapidly,’ United Nations Radio, (30 June 2014) http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2014/06/number-of-people-fleeing-ongoing-crisis-in-iraq-increasing-rapidly/#.VZUD99Oqqkp (accessed 3 July 2015).

  66. 66.

    See Salma Abdelaziz, ‘Group: ISIS takes major oilfield,’ CNN (3 July 2014) http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/03/world/meast/syria-isis-oil-field/index.html?iref=allsearch (accessed 3 July 2015).

  67. 67.

    See Dana Ford and Mohammed Tawfeeq, ‘Extremists destroy Jonah’s tomb, officials say,’ CNN 25 July 2014) http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/24/world/iraq-violence/index.html (accessed 3 July 2015).

  68. 68.

    See Ivan Watson, “Treated like cattle,” Yazidi women sold, raped, enslaved by IS,’ CNN (30 October 2014) http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/30/world/meast/isis-female-slaves/index.html (accessed 1 July 2015).

  69. 69.

    See Chelsea Carter, et al., ‘U.S. jet fighters, drones strike ISIS fighters, convoys in Iraq,’ CNN (9 August 2014) http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/iraq-options/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  70. 70.

    See Stephanie Nebehay ‘Islamic State commanders liable for massive war crimes: UN,’ Reuters (14 November 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/14/us-mideast-crisis-un-warcrimes-idUSKCN0IY1CV20141114 .

  71. 71.

    See Amnesty International, ‘Iraq: Yezidi women and girls face harrowing sexual violence,’ (23 December 2014) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/12/iraq-yezidi-women-and-girls-face-harrowing-sexual-violence/ (accessed 6 July 2015).

  72. 72.

    See ‘About 2000 people killed by Islamic State since establishment of “Caliphate,”’ Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 28 December 2014) http://www.syriahr.com/en/2014/12/about-2000-people-killed-by-islamic-state-since-the-establishment-of-caliphate/ (accessed 3 July 2015).

  73. 73.

    See ICC, Office of the Prosecutor , Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2012 (November 2012), http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/C433C462-7C4E-4358-8A72-8D99FD00E8CD/285209/OTP2012ReportonPreliminaryExaminations22Nov2012.pdf (accessed 5 July 2015), para 168: “Since 17 January 2012, there is an ongoing non-international armed conflict in the territory of Mali between the government forces and different organized armed groups particularly Mouvement National de Libération de l’Azawad (MNLA), Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Ansar Dine and Mouvement pour l’Unicité et le Jihad en Afrique de l’Ouest (MUJAO) and ‘Arab militias,’ as well as between these armed groups without the involvement of government forces”.

  74. 74.

    See Human Rights Watch, ‘Mali: Establish Special Investigation Cell,’ (25 June 2014) http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/25/mali-establish-special-investigation-cell (accessed 1 July 2015).

  75. 75.

    See Adama Diarra and David Lewis, ‘Nine U.N. troops killed on worst attack yet on Mali force,’ Reuters (3 October 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/03/us-mali-un-peacekeepers-idUSKCN0HS0ZH20141003 (accessed 5 July 2015).

  76. 76.

    See John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau, ‘West Africa leaders vow to wage ‘total war’ on Boko Haram,’ Reuters (18 May 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/18/us-nigerian-violence-summit-idUSBREA4G06120140518?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  77. 77.

    See Human Rights Watch, ‘Nigeria: Boko Haram Kills 2053 Civilians in 6 Months,’ (15 June 2014) http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/15/nigeria-boko-haram-kills-2053-civilians-6-months (accessed 5 July 2015).

  78. 78.

    See Amnesty International, ‘Nigeria: Gruesome footage implicates military in war crimes,’ (5 August 2014) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/08/nigeria-gruesome-footage-implicates-military-war-crimes/ (accessed 3 July 2015).

  79. 79.

    See ‘Sudan and South Sudan in fierce border clashes’, BBC News (27 March 2012), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  80. 80.

    See Human Rights Watch, ‘South Sudan: Investigate New Cluster Bomb Use,’ (14 February 2014) http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/14/south-sudan-investigate-new-cluster-bomb-use (accessed 2 July 2015).

  81. 81.

    See ‘UN chief calls for tribunal on South Sudan crimes,’ Al Jazeera (13 May 2014) http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/05/un-chief-calls-tribunal-s-sudan-crimes-20145134362250668.html (accessed 6 July 2015).

  82. 82.

    See Michelle Nichols, ‘Genocide risk in South Sudan amid personal power struggle,’ Reuters (2 May 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/02/us-southsudan-unrest-un-genocide-idUSBREA410XW20140502 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  83. 83.

    See Human Rights Watch, ‘South Sudan: Child Soldiers Thrust into Battle,’ (20 August 2014) http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/20/south-sudan-child-soldiers-thrust-battle (accessed 5 July 2014).

  84. 84.

    See ‘Sudan: Mass Rape of 200 in North Darfur,’ All Africa News (2 November 2014) http://allafrica.com/stories/201411031903.html (accessed 1 July 2015).

  85. 85.

    See Addison Morris, ‘UN rights chief: Syria executions may be war crimes,’ Jurist (17 January 2014) http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/01/un-rights-chief-syria-executions-may-be-war-crimes.php (accessed 5 July 2015).

  86. 86.

    See Ian Black, ‘Syrian regime document trove shows evidence of “industrial scale” killing of detainees,’ The Guardian (21 January 2014) http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/20/evidence-industrial-scale-killing-syria-war-crimes (accessed 1 July 2015).

  87. 87.

    Ibid.

  88. 88.

    See UNHCHR, “Deprival of food, water, shelter and medical care—a method of war in Syria, and a crime against humanity” (6 February 2014) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14224&LangID=E (accessed 3 July 2015).

  89. 89.

    See Bradley McAllister, ‘UN: Syria rebels committed mass executions of civilians,’ Jurist (18 March 2014) http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/03/un-syria-rebels-committed-mass-executions-of-civilians.php (accessed 1 July 2015).

  90. 90.

    See Stephanie Nebehay and Tom Miles, ‘U.N. investigators warn of wider sectarian war across Iraq, Syria,’ Reuters (17 June 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/17/us-syria-crisis-warcrimes-idUSKBN0ES10S20140617 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  91. 91.

    See Human Rights Watch, ‘Syria: Armed Groups Send Children into Battle,’ (22 June 2014) http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/22/syria-armed-groups-send-children-battle (accessed 3 July 2015).

  92. 92.

    See Stephanie Nebehay, ‘U.N. says Syria death toll tops 190,000, rights envoy raps world powers,’ Reuters (22 August 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/22/us-syria-crisis-deaths-idUSKBN0GM0KH20140822 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  93. 93.

    See Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, ‘Accountability in Syria: Meeting at Princeton University,’ (17 November 2014) http://www.regierung.li/files/medienarchiv/voelkerrecht/2014-11-17_Accountability_in_Syria_summary_final.pdf?t=635530491389745970 (accessed 3 July 2015).

  94. 94.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Nikola Šainović, Nebojša Pavković, Vladimir Lazarević and Sreten Lukić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-05-87-A (5 February 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/milutinovic/acjug/en/140123.pdf (accessed 2 February 2015).

  95. 95.

    See ICTY, Press Release, ‘Convictions for Kosovo crimes upheld for four senior Serbian officials’ (23 January 2014), http://www.icty.org/sid/11443 (accessed 2 February 2015).

  96. 96.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber I, Prosecutor v. Milan Milutinović, Nikola Šainović, Dragoljub Ojdanić, Nebojša Pavkovi, Vladimir Lazarević and Sreten Lukić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-05-87-T (26 February 2009), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/milutinovic/tjug/en/jud090226-e1of4.pdf (accessed 2 February 2015).

  97. 97.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Nikola Šainović, Nebojša Pavković, Vladimir Lazarević and Sreten Lukić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-05-87-A (23 January 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/milutinovic/acjug/en/140123.pdf (accessed 2 February 2015), para 664.

  98. 98.

    Ibid., paras 1623–1648.

  99. 99.

    Ibid., para 1649 (emphasis added).

  100. 100.

    Ibid., para 1650; See also ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Momčilo Perišić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-04-81-A (28 February 2013), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/perisic/acjug/en/130228_judgement.pdf (accessed 2 February 2015), para 73.

  101. 101.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Nikola Šainović, Nebojša Pavković, Vladimir Lazarević and Sreten Lukić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-05-87-A (23 January 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/milutinovic/acjug/en/140123.pdf (accessed 2 February 2015), paras 1650 and 1651.

  102. 102.

    Ibid, paras 1842–1846.

  103. 103.

    See, ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Tuzmukhamedov’ (23 January 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/milutinovic/acjug/en/140123.pdf (accessed 2 February 2015), para 412.

  104. 104.

    Ibid., para 45.

  105. 105.

    Ibid., para 47.

  106. 106.

    See ICTY, Press Release, ‘Statement of Prosecutor Serge Brammertz in relation to the motion for reconsideration submitted by the Prosecution in the Perišić case’ (3 February 2014), http://www.icty.org/sid/11447 (accessed 2 February 2015).

  107. 107.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Momčilo Perišić, ‘Decision on Motion for Reconsideration’, Case No. IT-04-81-A (20 March 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/perisic/acdec/en/1403212.pdf (accessed 2 February 2015).

  108. 108.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Vlastimir Đorđević, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-05-87/1-A (27 January 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/djordjevic/acjug/en/140127.pdf (accessed 6 February 2015), para 831.

  109. 109.

    Ibid., para 833.

  110. 110.

    See ICTY, Press Release, ‘Vlastimir Đorđević’s responsibility for crimes in Kosovo confirmed on appeal’ (27 January 2014), http://www.icty.org/sid/11445 (accessed 6 February 2015).

  111. 111.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber, ‘Oral Decision on Defense Motion for Acquittal Pursuant to Rule 98 bis’ (20 February 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzic/tdec/en/1402212.pdf (accessed 9 February 2015).

  112. 112.

    Ibid.

  113. 113.

    See ICTY, Press Release, ‘Judge Harhoff disqualified from Šešelj case’ (29 August 2013), http://www.icty.org/sid/11357 (accessed 12 February 2015).

  114. 114.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, The Prosecutor v. Vojislav Šešelj, ‘Decision on Appeal against Decision on Continuation of Proceedings’, Case No. IT-03-67-AR15bis (6 June 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/seselj/acdec/en/140606.pdf (accessed 12 February 2015).

  115. 115.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber III, The Prosecutor v. Vojislav Šešelj, ‘Order inviting the Parties to make submissions on possible provisional release of the accused proprio motu’, Case No. IT-03-67-T (13 June 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/seselj/tord/en/140613.pdf (accessed 12 February 2015).

  116. 116.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber II, The Prosecutor v. Vojislav Šešelj, ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Mandiaye Niang to the order on provisional release of the accused proprio motu’, Case No. IT-03-67-T (11 November 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/seselj/tord/en/141111.pdf (accessed 12 February 2015).

  117. 117.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber III, The Prosecutor v. Vojislav Šešelj, ‘Order on the provisional release of the Accused Propio Motu’, Case No. IT-03-67-T (6 November 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/seselj/tord/en/141106.pdf (accessed 12 February 2015).

  118. 118.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber I, ‘Rule 98 bis Judgement summary in the case of Ratko Mladic’ (15 April 2014), http://icty.org/x/cases/mladic/tjug/en/140415-summary.pdf (accessed 17 February 2015).

  119. 119.

    Ibid.

  120. 120.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Ratko Mladić, ‘Public Redacted Version of Decision on Defence Interlocutory Appeal from the Trial Chamber Rule 98 bis decision’, Case No. IT-09-92-AR73.4 (24 July 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mladic/acdec/en/140724.pdf (accessed 17 February 2015), para 18.

  121. 121.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber I, Prosecutor v. Ratko Mladić, ‘Decision on Prosecution Motion to Re-Open its Case-in-Chief’. Case No. IT-09-92-T (23 October 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mladic/tdec/en/141023.pdf (accessed 17 February 2015).

  122. 122.

    Ibid., para 9.

  123. 123.

    Ibid., para 112.

  124. 124.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber, Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić, ‘Decision on Prosecution Motion to Re-Open its Case and Prosecution Motion for Protective Measures for Witness KDZ614’, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T (20 March 2014), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/karadzic/tdec/en/1403212.pdf (accessed 17 February 2015).

  125. 125.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber, Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić, ‘Decision on Accused’s motion to subpoena Ratko Mladić’, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T (11 December 2013), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/karadzic/tdec/en/131211a.pdf (accessed 20 February 2015).

  126. 126.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber, Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić’, ‘Decision on Accused’s Motion for Bifurcated Judgement’, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T (22 May 2014), http://icty.org/x/cases/karadzic/tdec/en/140522.pdf (accessed 20 February 2015).

  127. 127.

    See UNMICT, The President of the Mechanism, The Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadzic, ‘Request for designation of single judge to consider appointment of amicus curiae prosecutor to investigate contempt by Office of the Prosecutor’. Case No. MICT-13-55-R912.3 (19 May 2014), http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/casedocuments/mict-13-55/miscellaneous-documents/en/140519.pdf (accessed 2o February 2015), para 1.

  128. 128.

    See UNMICT, The President of the Mechanism, Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić, ‘Decision on Prosecution Motion to Strike and Assigning a Single Judge’, Case No. MICT-13-55-R912.3 (5 June 2014), http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/casedocuments/mict-13-55/president%E2%80%99s-decisions/en/140605.pdf (accessed 20 February 2015).

  129. 129.

    See UNMICT, Single Judge, Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić, ‘Decision to invite the ICTY Trial Chamber in the Karadzic case to determine whether there is “reason to believe” that contempt has been committed by members of the Office of the Prosecutor’, Case No. MICT-13-55-R912.3 (21 July 2014), http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/casedocuments/mict-13-55/trial-decisions/en/140721.pdf (accessed 20 February 2015).

  130. 130.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber, Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić, ‘Decision on Invitation from the Single Judge of the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals’, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T (6 August 2014), http://icty.org/x/cases/karadzic/tdec/en/140806.pdf (accessed 20 February 2015).

  131. 131.

    See UNMICT, Single Judge, Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić, Decision on Request for Designation of Single Judge to Consider Appointment of Amicus Curiae Prosecutor to Investigate Contempt by Office of the Prosecutor’, Case No. MICT-13-55-R912.3 (22 August 2014), http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/casedocuments/mict-13-55/trial-decisions/en/140822.pdf (accessed 20 February 2015).

  132. 132.

    See ICTR, Appeals Chamber, Augustin Ndindiliyimana, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye and Innocent Sagahutu v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. ICTR-00-56-A (11 February 2014), http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-00-56/appeals-chamber-judgements/en/140211.pdf (accessed 23 February 2015).

  133. 133.

    See ICTR, Press Release, ‘Appeals Chamber Delivers Judgement in Military II Case’ (11 February 2014), http://www.unictr.org/en/news/appeals-chamber-delivers-judgement-military-II-case (accessed 23 February 2015).

  134. 134.

    See ICTR, Appeals Chamber, Augustin Ndindiliyimana, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye and Innocent Sagahutu v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. ICTR-00-56-A (11 February 2014), http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-00-56/appeals-chamber-judgements/en/140211.pdf (accessed 23 February 2015), para 61.

  135. 135.

    Ibid., para 75.

  136. 136.

    Ibid., para 254.

  137. 137.

    Ibid., para 253.

  138. 138.

    Ibid., para 448.

  139. 139.

    See ICTR, Appeals Chamber, Augustin Bizimungu v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. ICTR-00-56B-A (30 June 2014), http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-00-56/appeals-chamber-judgements/en/1406312.pdf (accessed 25 February 2015), paras 19–212.

  140. 140.

    Ibid., para 23.

  141. 141.

    Ibid., para 24.

  142. 142.

    Ibid., para 139.

  143. 143.

    Ibid., para 408.

  144. 144.

    See ICTR, Appeals Chamber, Édouard Karemera and Matthieu Ngirumpatse v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. ICTR-98-44-A (29 September 2014), http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-98-44/appeals-chamber-judgements/en/140929.pdf (accessed 27 February 2015).

  145. 145.

    See ICTR, Appeals Chamber, Callixte Nzabonimana v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. ICTR-98-44D-A (29 September 2014), http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-98-44d/appeals-chamber-judgements/en/140929.pdf (accessed 27 February 2015).

  146. 146.

    See ICTR, Appeals Chamber, Ildéphonse Nizeyimana v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. ICTR-00-55C-A (29 September 2014), http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-00-55c/appeals-chamber-judgements/en/140929.pdf (accessed 27 February 2015).

  147. 147.

    See ICTR, Trial Chamber III, The Prosecutor v. Callixte Nzabonimana, ‘Judgement and Sentence’, Case No. ICTR-98-44D-T (31 May 2012), http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-98-44d/trial-judgements/en/120531.pdf (accessed 27 February 2015).

  148. 148.

    See ICTR, Statement, ‘Statement by Justice Hassan B. Jallow Chief Prosecutor, ICTR and MICT on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan genocide’ (6 April 2014), http://www.unictr.org/sites/default/files/statements-and-speeches/140406_prosecutor_jallow_20th_anniversary_en.pdf (accessed 27 February 2015).

  149. 149.

    See ICTR, Statement, ‘Address to the United Nations Security Council: Six- Monthly Report On The Completion Strategy Of The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda (ICTR) By Judge Vagn Joensen, President’ (5 June 2014), http://www.unictr.org/en/news/address-united-nations-security-council-six-monthly-report-completion-strategy-international (accessed 27 February 2015).

  150. 150.

    See ICTR, Statement, ‘Address to the United Nations General Assembly—19th Annual Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda by judge Vagn Joensen, President’ (13 October 2014), http://www.unictr.org/en/news/address-united-nations-general-assembly-19th-annual-report-international-criminal-tribunal (accessed 27 February 2015).

  151. 151.

    The Best Practices Manual for the Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual Violence Crimes in Post-Conflict Regions can be found here: http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/publications/ICTR-Prosecution-of-Sexual-Violence.pdf (accessed 27 February 2015).

  152. 152.

    See ICTR, Press Release, ‘ICTR Office of the Prosecutor releases best practices manual on The Prosecution of Sexual Violence Crimes in Post-Conflict Regions and hosts an International workshop in Kampala Uganda’ (30 January 2014), http://www.unictr.org/en/news/ictr-office-prosecutor-releases-best-practices-manual-prosecution-sexual-violence-crimes-post (accessed 27 February 2015).

  153. 153.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber III, Prosecutor v. Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-98-32/1-T (20 July 2009), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/milan_lukic_sredoje_lukic/tjug/en/090720_j.pdf (accessed 4 March 2015).

  154. 154.

    See UNMICT, The President of the Mechanism, Prosecutor v. Jean Uwinkindi, ‘Decision on request for revocation of an order referring a case to the Republic of Rwanda’, Case No. MICT-12-25 (12 March 2014), http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/casedocuments/mict-12-25/president’s-decisions/en/140312.pdf (accessed 4 March 2015); UNMICT, The President of the Mechanism, Prosecutor v. Bernard Munyagishari, ‘Decision on request for revocation of an order referring a case to the Republic of Rwanda’, Case No. MICT-12-20 (13 March 2014), http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/casedocuments/mict-12-20/president’s-decisions/en/140313-1.pdf (accessed 4 March 2015).

  155. 155.

    See UNMICT, Press Release, ‘Prosecutor Jallow addresses UN Security Council’ (5 June 2014), http://www.unmict.org/en/news/prosecutor-jallow-addresses-un-security-council (accessed 4 March 2015); The report can be found here: http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/attachments/articles/050614%20report.pdf (accessed 4 March 2015).

  156. 156.

    See ICTR, Trial Chamber II, The Prosecutor v. Augustin Ngirabatware, ‘Judgement and Sentence’, Case No. ICTR-99-54-T (20 December 2012), http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-99-54/trial-judgements/en/1212212.pdf (accessed 4 March 2015).

  157. 157.

    See UNMICT, Appeals Chamber, Augustin Ngirabatware v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. MICT-12-29-A (18 December 2014), http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/casedocuments/mict-12-29/appeals-chamber-judgements/en/141218.pdf (accessed 4 March 2015).

  158. 158.

    See UNMICT, Appeals Chamber, ‘Appeal Judgement Summary for Augustin Ngirabatware’ (18 December 2014), http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/casedocuments/mict-12-29/appeals-chamber-judgements/en/141218_12.pdf (accessed 4 March 2015), paras 9 and 14–15.

  159. 159.

    Ibid., para 23.

  160. 160.

    See UNMICT, Press Release, ‘President Meron Presents Second Annual Report to the United Nations General Assembly’ (14 October 2014), http://www.unmict.org/en/news/president-meron-presents-second-annual-report-united-nations-general-assembly (accessed 4 March 2015); The report can be found here: http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/documents/140801-annual-report_en.pdf (accessed 4 March 2015).

  161. 161.

    See ICC, La Chambre de Première Instance II, Situation en République Démocratique du Congo, Affaire Le Procureur c. Germain Katanga, ‘Jugement rendu en application de l’article 74 du Statut’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (7 March 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1744366.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015).

  162. 162.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Summary of Trial Chamber II’s Judgment of 7 March 2014, pursuant to article 74 of the Statute in the case of the Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga’, http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media?press%20release/Documents/986/14_0259_ENG_summary_judgment.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015), para 52.

  163. 163.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Germain Katanga found guilty of four counts of war crimes and one count of crime against humanity committed in Ituri, DRC’ (7 March 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr986.aspx (accessed 6 March 2015).

  164. 164.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Summary of Trial Chamber II’s Judgment of 7 March 2014, pursuant to article 74 of the Statute in the case of the Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga’, http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media?press%20release/Documents/986/14_0259_ENG_summary_judgment.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015), paras 35–36.

  165. 165.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Summary of Trial Chamber II’s Judgment of 7 March 2014, pursuant to article 74 of the Statute in the case of the Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga’, http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Documents/986/14_0259_ENG_summary_judgment.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015), paras 41–43.

  166. 166.

    See ICC, ‘Minority Opinion of Judge Christine Van den Wyngaert’ (7 March 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1744372.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015).

  167. 167.

    Ibid., para 9.

  168. 168.

    Ibid., para 12.

  169. 169.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Summary of Trial Chamber II’s Judgment of 7 March 2014, pursuant to article 74 of the Statute in the case of the Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga’, http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media?press%20release/Documents/986/14_0259_ENG_summary_judgment.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015), para 58.

  170. 170.

    See ICC, La Chambre de Première Instance II, Situation en République Démocratique du Congo, Affaire Le Procureur c. Germain Katanga, ‘Décision relative à la peine (article 76 du Statut) ’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (23 mai 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1771079.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015).

  171. 171.

    See ICC, The Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Defence Notice of Appeal against the decision of conviction ‘Jugement rendu en application de l’article 74 du Statut’ rendered by Trial Chamber II, 7th March 2014’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (9 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1759481.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015).

  172. 172.

    See ICC, The Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, In the case of The Proseuctor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Prosecution’s Appeal against Trial Chamber II’s “Jugement rendu en application de l’article 74 du Statut’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (9 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1759535.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015).

  173. 173.

    See ICC, The Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, In the case of The Proseuctor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Defence Notice of Discontinuance of Appeal against the ‘Jugement rendu en application de l’article 74 du Statut’ rendered by Trial chamber II on 7 April 2014’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (25 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1794409.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015).

  174. 174.

    ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Notice of Discontinuance of the Prosecution’s Appeal against the Article 74 Judgment of Conviction of Trial Chamber II dated 7 March 2014 in relation to Germain Katanga’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (25 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1794475.pdf (accessed 6 March 2015).

  175. 175.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ‘Judgment on the appeal of Mr Thomas Lubanga Dyilo against his conviction’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06 A 5 (1 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1876833.pdf (accessed 9 March 2015).

  176. 176.

    See ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Anita Ušacka’ (1 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1877188.pdf (accessed 9 March 2015).

  177. 177.

    See ‘Partly Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sang-Hyun Song’ (1 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1876833.pdf (accessed 9 March 2015).

  178. 178.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Pre-Trial Chamber II commits Bosco Ntaganda to trial’ (9 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr1013.aspx (accessed 11 March 2015).

  179. 179.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ‘Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor Against Bosco Ntaganda’, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06 (9 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1783301.pdf (accessed 11 March 2015).

  180. 180.

    See ICC, La Chambre Préliminaire II, Situation en République Démocratique du Congo, Affaire Le Procureur C/ Bosco Ntaganda, ‘Requête de la Défense sollicitant l’autorisation d’interjeter appel de la Décision sur la confirmation des charges datée du 9 juin 2014’, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06 (16 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc17834512.pdf (accessed 11 March 2015).

  181. 181.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ‘Decision on the “Requête de la Défense sollicitant l’authorisation d’interjeter appel de la Décision sur la confirmation des charges datée du 9 juin 2014”’, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06 (4 July 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1796795.pdf (accessed 13 March 2015), paras 20 and 29.

  182. 182.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, ‘Decision adjourning the hearing on the confirmation of charges pursuant to article 61(7)(c)(i) of the Rome Statute’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/11 (3 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1599831.pdf (accessed 16 March 2015).

  183. 183.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, ‘Prosecution’s Submission of Document amendé de notification des charges, l’inventaire amendé des éléments de preuve à charge, and le Tableau amendé des éléments constitutifs des crimes, and Response to issues raised by Pre-Trial Chamber I’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/11 (13 January 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc17104712.pdf (accessed 16 March 2015).

  184. 184.

    See ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Christine Van den Wyngaert’ (12 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1783397.pdf (accessed 16 March 2015).

  185. 185.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, ‘Decision on the confirmation of charges against Laurent Gbagbo’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/11 (12 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1783399.pdf (accessed 16 March 2015).

  186. 186.

    Ibid., para 266.

  187. 187.

    Ibid., para 263.

  188. 188.

    Ibid., para 264 (emphasis added).

  189. 189.

    See ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Christine Van den Wyngaert’ (12 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1783397.pdf (accessed 16 March 2015), para 2.

  190. 190.

    Ibid., para 4.

  191. 191.

    Ibid., paras 5–7.

  192. 192.

    Ibid., paras 8–9.

  193. 193.

    Ibid., para 11.

  194. 194.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, ‘Decision on the Defence request for leave to appeal the “Decision on the Confirmation of Charges against Laurent Gbagbo”’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/11 (11 September 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1814133.pdf (accessed 16 March 2015).

  195. 195.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber III, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Simone Gbagbo, ‘Warrant of Arrest for Simone Gbagbo’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12 (29 February 2012), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1344439.pdf (accessed 18 March 2015).

  196. 196.

    See ICC, La Chambre Préliminaire I, Situation en Republique de Cote D’ivoire, Affaire Le Procureur c. Simone Gbagbo, ‘Requête de la République de Côte d’Ivoire sur la recevabilité de l’affaire le procureur c. Simone Gbagbo, et demande de sursis à exécution en vertu des Articles 17, 19 et 95 du Statut de Rome’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12 (30 September 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1653132.pdf (accessed 18 March 2015).

  197. 197.

    See ICC, La Chambre Préliminaire I, Situation en Republique de Cote D’ivoire, Affaire Le Procureur c. Simone Gbagbo, ‘Depot de documents complementaires a l’appui de la requête de la République de Côte d’Ivoire sur la recevabilité de l’affaire le procureur c. Simone Gbagbo, et demande de sursis à exécution en vertu des articles 17, 19 et 95 du Statut de Rome’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12 (25 February 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1738578.pdf (accessed 18 March 2015).

  198. 198.

    See ICC, La Chambre Préliminaire I, Situation en Republique de Cote D’ivoire, Affaire Le Procureur c. Simone Gbagbo, ‘Second dépôt de documents complémentaires à l’appui de la requête de la république de Côte d’Ivoire sur la recevabilité de l’affaire le procureur c. Simone Gbagbo, et demande de sursis à exécution en vertu des articles 17, 19 et 95 du Statut de Rome’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12 (10 October 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1847551.pdf (accessed 18 March 2015).

  199. 199.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Simone Gbagbo, ‘Decision on further submissions on issues related to the admissibility of the case against Simone Gbagbo’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12 (28 August 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1813945.pdf (accessed 18 March 2015).

  200. 200.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Simone Gbagbo, ‘Public redacted version of “Prosecution’s Response to Côte d’Ivoire’s Challenge to the admissibility of the case against Simone Gbagbo”, IC-02/11-01/12-41-Conf, 9 April 2014’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12 (24 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1792827.pdf (accessed 18 March 2015), para 47.

  201. 201.

    Ibid., para 55.

  202. 202.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Simone Gbagbo, ‘Decision on Côte d’Ivoire’s challenge to the admissibility of the case against Simone Gbagbo’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12 (11 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1882718.pdf (accessed 18 March 2015).

  203. 203.

    Ibid., para 78.

  204. 204.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Ble Goude, ‘Defence Request for State Party Cooperation’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (10 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1760552.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015), para 6.

  205. 205.

    Ibid., para 13.

  206. 206.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Decision on the Defence Request for State Party Cooperation’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (17 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1757021.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015), para 8.

  207. 207.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Second Request for State Party Cooperation’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (23 May 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1780663.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015), paras 35 and 37.

  208. 208.

    Ibid., para 43.

  209. 209.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, Decision on Second Defence Request for State Party Cooperation’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (17 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1783486.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015), para 8.

  210. 210.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Transmission of a submission by the OPCV’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (16 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1757011.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015); See also ICC, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Registry transmission of the second submission by the OPCV’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (23 March 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1757054.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015).

  211. 211.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Decision on victims’ participation in the pre-trial proceedings and related issues’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (11 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1783345.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015).

  212. 212.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Second Decision on victims’ participation in the pre-trial proceedings and related issues’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (1 August 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1802045.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015).

  213. 213.

    See ICC, ‘Partly Dissenting Opinion of Judge Christine Van den Wyngaert’ (11 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1879934.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015).

  214. 214.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Decision on the confirmation of charges against Charles Blé Goudé’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (11 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1879935.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015).

  215. 215.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I commits Charles Blé Goudé to trial’ (11 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr1076.aspx (accessed 20 March 2015).

  216. 216.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Prosecution’s Request to join the cases of The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (22 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1892019.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015), para 17.

  217. 217.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in Libya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ‘Judgment on the appeal of Libya against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 31 May 2013 entitled “Decision on the admissibility of the case against Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi”’, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/11 OA4 (21 May 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1779877.pdf (accessed 23 March 2015).

  218. 218.

    See ‘Separate Opinion of Judge Sang-Hyun Song’ (21 May 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1779878.pdf (accessed 23 March 2015).

  219. 219.

    Ibid., para 1.

  220. 220.

    See ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Anita Ušacka’ (21 May 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1779879.pdf (accessed 23 March 2015).

  221. 221.

    Ibid., para 46.

  222. 222.

    Ibid., para 51.

  223. 223.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in Libya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ‘Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi’, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/11 (11 October 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1663102.pdf (accessed 23 March 2015).

  224. 224.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in Libya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ‘Appeal on behalf of Abdullah Al-Senussi against Pre-Trial Chamber I’s ‘Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi”, and Request for Suspensive Effect’, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/11 (17 October 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1666694.pdf (accessed 23 March 2015).

  225. 225.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in Libya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ‘Judgment on the appeal of Mr Abdullah Al-Senussi against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 11 October 2013 entitled “Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi”’, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/11 OA 6 (24 July 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1807073.pdf (accessed 23 March 2015).

  226. 226.

    See ‘Separate Opinion of Judge Anita Ušacka’ (24 July 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1807108.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015); See also ‘Separate Opinion of Judge Sang-Hyun Song’ (24 July 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1807074.pdf (accessed 23 March 2015).

  227. 227.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(A), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Status Conference’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (15 January 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc17115912.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015).

  228. 228.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(A), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Reasons for the Decision on Excusal from Presence at Trial under Rule 134quater’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (18 February 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1734492.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015).

  229. 229.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(A), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Decision on Prosecutor’s Application for Witness Summonses and resulting request for State Party Cooperation’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (17 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1771401.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015).

  230. 230.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(A), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Herrera Carbuccia on the ‘Decision on Prosecutor’s Application for Witness Summonses and resulting Request for State Party Cooperation’’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (29 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1757148.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015), paras 12–18.

  231. 231.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(A), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Decision on Prosecutor’s Application for Witness Summonses and resulting request for State Party Cooperation’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (17 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1771401.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015), para 193.

  232. 232.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V (A), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Herrera Carbuccia on the ‘Decision on Prosecutor’s Application for Witness Summonses and resulting Request for State Party Cooperation’’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (29 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1757148.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015), para 8.

  233. 233.

    Ibid., paras 12–18.

  234. 234.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of the Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Defence appeal against the “Decision on Prosecutor’s Application for Witness Summonses and resulting Request for State Party Cooperation”’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (5 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1785733.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015).

  235. 235.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Decision on Mr William Samoei Ruto’s request for suspensive effect’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 OA 7 OA 8 (17 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1789628.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015).

  236. 236.

    Ibid., para 8.

  237. 237.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, ‘Judgment on the appeals of William Ruto and Mr Joshua Arap Sang against the decision of Trial Chamber V (A) of 17 April 2014 entitled “Decision on Prosecutor’s Application for Witness Summonses and resulting Request for State Party Cooperation”’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 OA 7 OA 8 (9 October 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1847142.pdf (accessed 25 March 2015).

  238. 238.

    Ibid., para 128.

  239. 239.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ‘Notification of the removal of a witness from the Prosecution’s witness list and application for an adjournment of the provisional trial date’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (19 December 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1703998.pdf (accessed 27 March 2015).

  240. 240.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ‘Public redacted version of the 13 January 2014 ‘Defence Response to the Prosecution’s “Notification of the removal of a witness from the Prosecution’s witness list and application for an adjournment of the provisional trial date” (ICC-01/09-02/11-878-Conf)’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (24 January 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1716851.pdf (accessed 27 March 2015).

  241. 241.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ‘Order vacating trial date of 5 February 2014, convening a status conference, and addressing other procedural matters’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (23 January 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc17166212.pdf (accessed 27 March 2015).

  242. 242.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ‘Prosecution opposition to the Defence request for the termination of the Kenyatta case’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (31 January 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1720686.pdf (accessed 27 March 2015).

  243. 243.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ‘Decision on Prosecution’s applications for a finding of non-compliance pursuant to Article 87(7) and for an adjournment of the provisional trial date’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (31 March 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc17551912.pdf (accessed 27 March 2015).

  244. 244.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ‘Decision on Prosecution’s application for a further adjournment’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (3 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1878156.pdf (accessed 27 March 2015).

  245. 245.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ‘Notice of withdrawal of the charges against Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta’, Case No. ICC-01-09/02/11 (5 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1879204.pdf (accessed 6 February 2015).

  246. 246.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, on the withdrawal of charges against Mr. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta’ (5 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/otp-statement-05-12-2014-2.aspx (accessed 27 March 2015).

  247. 247.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber III, Situation in the Central African Republic, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, ‘Redacted version of “Decision on ‘Prosecution’s Information to Trial Chamber III on issues involving witness CAR-OTP-PPPP-0169’ (ICC-01/05-01/08-3138-Conf-Red) and ‘Defence Urgent Submissions on the 5 August Letter (ICC-01/05-01/08-3139-Conf)” of 2 October 2014’, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 (10 October 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1847668.pdf (accessed 30 March 2015).

  248. 248.

    Ibid., para 29.

  249. 249.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber III, Situation in the Central African Republic, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, ‘Decision on “Defence Urgent Motion for Provisional Release”’, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 (23 December 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1889061.pdf (accessed 30 March 2015).

  250. 250.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Bemba, Kilolo et al. case: Appeals Chamber dismisses the appeals of Messrs. Kilolo, Babala and Mangenda’ (11 July 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr1027.aspx (accessed 30 March 2015).

  251. 251.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Central African Republic, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, ‘Decision ordering the release of Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido’, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/13 (21 October 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1845009.pdf (accessed 30 March 2015).

  252. 252.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Central African Republic, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, ‘Decision on the Prosecutor’s urgent request for suspensive effect of the ‘Decision ordering the release of Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido” of 21 October 2014’, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/13 OA 9 (22 October 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1854382.pdf (accessed 30 March 2015).

  253. 253.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Central African Republic, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, ‘Decision pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute’, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/13 (11 November 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1857534.pdf (accessed 30 March 2015).

  254. 254.

    Ibid., para 512.

  255. 255.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Ukraine accepts ICC jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed between 21 November 2013 and 22 February 2014’ (17 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr997.aspx (accessed 31 March 2015).

  256. 256.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, opens a preliminary examination in Ukraine’ (25 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr999.aspx (accessed 31 March 2015).

  257. 257.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, on opening a second investigation in the Central African Republic’ (24 September 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr1043.aspx (accessed 31 March 2015).

  258. 258.

    Ibid.

  259. 259.

    The Prosecutor’s Statement to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Darfur can be found here: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/stmt-20threport-darfur.pdf (accessed 31 March 2015).

  260. 260.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Situation in Darfur, Sudan, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, ‘Decision on the Cooperation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Regarding Omar Al Bashir’s Arrest and Surrender to the Court’, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09 (9 April 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1759849.pdf (accessed 31 March 2015).

  261. 261.

    The Policy Paper on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes can be found here: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-Policy-Paper-on-Sexual-and-Gender-Based-Crimes--June-2014.pdf (accessed 31 March 2015).

  262. 262.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, publishes comprehensive Policy Paper on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes’ (5 June 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr1011.aspx (accessed 31 March 2015).

  263. 263.

    The statement can be found here: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP13/ASP13-OP-Statement-PASP-ENG.pdf (accessed 31 March 2015).

  264. 264.

    The statement can be found here: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP13/GenDeba/ICC-ASP13-GenDeba-Lesotho-AfricanStatesParties-ENG.pdf (accessed 31 March 2015).

  265. 265.

    See EULEX, Press Release, ‘Appeals Court confirms Ivanovic’s detention’ (5 February 2014), http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/en/pressreleases/0553.php (accessed 4 April 2015).

  266. 266.

    See EULEX, Press Release, ‘Detention on remand extended for Oliver Ivanovic’ (26 April 2014), http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/en/pressreleases/0598.php (accessed 4 April 2015).

  267. 267.

    See EULEX, Press Release, ‘SPRK arrests suspect in Lesak/Leshak’ (5 February 2014), http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/en/pressreleases/0552.php (accessed 4 April 2015).

  268. 268.

    Ibid.

  269. 269.

    See EULEX, Press Release, ‘Verdict in war crime case’ (13 February 2014), http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/en/pressreleases/0559.php (accessed 4 April 2015).

  270. 270.

    See EULEX, Court of Appeals, ‘Judgment’, http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/eul/repository/docs/(2014.05.27)_JUD_-_J.D._&_Dj.B._(CoA)_Eng.pdf (accessed 4 April 2015).

  271. 271.

    See ECCC, Trial Chamber, ‘Case 002/01 Judgement’, Case No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC (7 August 2014), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/2014-08-07%2017:04/E313_Trial%20Chamber%20Judgement%20Case%20002_01_ENG.pdf (accessed 18 April 2015).

  272. 272.

    See ECCC, Press Release, ‘Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan Sentenced to Life Imprisonment for Crimes against Humanity’ (7 August 2014), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/nuon-chea-and-khieu-samphan-sentenced-life-imprisonment-crimes-against-humanity (accessed 18 April 2015).

  273. 273.

    Ibid.

  274. 274.

    Ibid.

  275. 275.

    See ECCC, Trial Chamber, ‘Case 002/01 Judgement’, Case No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC (7 August 2014), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/2014-08-07%2017:04/E313_Trial%20Chamber%20Judgement%20Case%20002_01_ENG.pdf (accessed 18 April 2015), para 893.

  276. 276.

    Ibid., para 894.

  277. 277.

    Ibid., paras 1007 and 1021.

  278. 278.

    Ibid., paras 318 and 321–323.

  279. 279.

    Ibid., para 8412.

  280. 280.

    Ibid., para 843.

  281. 281.

    Ibid., para 845.

  282. 282.

    Ibid., para 849.

  283. 283.

    Ibid., para 8512.

  284. 284.

    Ibid., para 851.

  285. 285.

    Ibid., para 347.

  286. 286.

    Ibid., paras 853–854.

  287. 287.

    Ibid., para 948.

  288. 288.

    Ibid., para 945.

  289. 289.

    See ECCC, Press Release, ‘Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan Sentenced to Life Imprisonment for Crimes against Humanity’ (7 August 2014), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/nuon-chea-and-khieu-samphan-sentenced-life-imprisonment-crimes-against-humanity (accessed 18 April 2015).

  290. 290.

    See ECCC, Press Release, ‘Hearing in case 002/02 adjourned until January 2014’ (24 November 2014), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/media/ECCC%20PR%2024%20Nov%202014%20Eng.pdf (accessed 18 April 2015).

  291. 291.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘The Prosecution starts presenting evidence in the Ayyash et al. case’ (22 January 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/news-and-press/press-releases/2828-22-01-2014-the-prosecution-starts-presenting-evidence-in-the-ayyash-et-al-case (accessed 25 April 2015).

  292. 292.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘Merhi case joined with the Ayyash et al. case’ (11 February 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/news-and-press/press-releases/2922-merhi-case-joined-with-the-ayyash-et-al-case (accessed 25 April 2015).

  293. 293.

    Ibid.

  294. 294.

    See STL, Trial Chamber, The Prosecutor v. Salim Jamil Ayyash, Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Hussein Hassan Oneissi and Assad Hassan Sabra, ‘Additional observations regarding the time needed to prepare the defence of the interests of Mr Merhi’, Case No. STL-11-01/PT/TC (17 February 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/the-cases/stl-11-01/filings/main-case/other/2933-f1409 (accessed 25 April 2015), para 13.

  295. 295.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘STL Trial Chamber adjourns hearings in the Ayyash et al. trial’ (26 February 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/news-and-press/press-releases/2950-stl-trial-chamber-adjourns-hearings-in-the-ayyash-et-al-trial (accessed 25 April 2015).

  296. 296.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘Prosecution’s opening statement’ (19 June 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/news-and-press/press-releases/3340-19-06-2014-prosecutions-opening-statement (accessed 25 April 2015).

  297. 297.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘STL Appoints New Investigator to Deal with Contempt Charges’ (10 April 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/news-and-press/press-releases/3054-10-04-2014-still-appoints-new-investigator-to-deal-with-contempt-charges (accessed 27 April 2014); See also STL, Press Release, ‘Tribunal to launch investigation in alleged witness intimidation’ (29 April 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/press-releases/29-04-2013-tribunal-to-launch-investigation-in-alleged-witness-intimidation (accessed 25 April 2015).

  298. 298.

    See STL, ‘About the Contempt Cases’, http://www.stl-tls.org/en/the-cases/about-the-contempt-cases (accessed 25 April 2015).

  299. 299.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘Special Tribunal for Lebanon issues summons to appear in contempt cases’ (24 April 2014), http://www.stl-tls.org/en/special-tribunal-for-lebanon-issues-summons-to-appear-in-contempt-cases-stl-press-release (accessed 25 April 2015).

  300. 300.

    Ibid.

  301. 301.

    See STL, Appeals Panel, In the case against New TV S.A.L. and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, ‘Decision on interlocutory appeal concerning personal jurisdiction in contempt proceedings’, Case No, STL-14-05/PT/AP/AR126.1 (2 October 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/decision-on-interlocutory-appeal-concerning-personal-jurisdiction-in-contempt-proceedings (accessed 25 April 2015); See also STL, Press Release, ‘Appeals Panel decides on jurisdiction in Case STL-14-05’ (2 October 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/news-and-press/press-releases/3514-judicial-panel-decides-on-jurisdiction-in-case-stl-14-05 (accessed 25 April 2015).

  302. 302.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘Written Decision on the Assignment of Counsel in the Case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Ibrahim Al Amin’ (5 June 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/news-and-press/press-releases/3219-05-06-2014-written-decision-on-the-assignment-of-counsel-in-the-case-against-akhbar-beirut-s-a-l-and-ibrahim-al-amin (accessed 25 April 2015).

  303. 303.

    See STL, Contempt Judge, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin, ‘Decision on motion challenging jurisdiction’, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ (6 November 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/the-cases/contempt-cases/stl-14-06/filings-stl-14-06/3593 (accessed 25 April 2015); See also STL, Press Release, ‘Contempt Judge Lettieri decides on jurisdiction in the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Mr Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin (STL-14-06)’ (6 November 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/news-and-press/press-releases/3594-06-11-2014-contempt-judge-lettieri-decideds-on-jurisdiction-in-the-case-against-akhbar-beirut-s-a-l-and-mr-ibrahim-mohamed-ali-al-amin-stl-14-06 (accessed 25 April 2015).

  304. 304.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘STL publishes its fifth annual report’ (10 March 2014), http://www.stl-tsl.org.en/news-and-press/press-releases/2985-10-03-2014-stl-publishes-its-fifth-annual-report (accessed 25 April 2015); The report can be found here: http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/documents/stl-documents/presidents-reports-and-memoranda/2984-fifth-annual-report-2013-2014 (accessed 25 April 2015).

  305. 305.

    Ibid.

  306. 306.

    http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=49668#.VZZjltOqqko.

  307. 307.

    See Organization for the Prevention of Chemical Weapons, ‘Executive Council Discusses Findings of Fact-Finding Mission,’ (26 September 2014) http://www.opcw.org/news/article/executive-council-discusses-findings-of-fact-finding-mission/ (accessed 1 July 2015).

  308. 308.

    See Amnesty International, ‘Torture in 2014: 30 Years of Broken Promises,’ (12 May 2014) http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/torture-in-2014-30-years-of-broken-promises (accessed 3 July 2015).

  309. 309.

    See United Kingdom Government, ‘About the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence,’ (10 June 2014) https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/sexual-violence-in-conflict/about (accessed 3 July 2015).

  310. 310.

    See International Criminal Court: ‘ICC, ASP and TFV join in Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict,’ (11 June 2014)

    http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press and media/press releases/Pages/pr1014.aspx (accessed 3 July 2015).

  311. 311.

    See ‘Protocol on Sexual Violence Greeted in Bosnia,’ Balkan Insight, (20 November 2014) http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/time-to-act-against-sexual-violence?utm_source=Balkan+Transitional+Justice+Daily+Newsletter&utm_campaign=4b2bf05973-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_561b9a25c3-4b2bf05973-319688785#.VG3mAWgPm58.twitter (accessed 3 July 2015).

  312. 312.

    See UN News Center, ‘Child rights being violated in conflict situations with total impunity, says UN official,’ (1 July 2014)

    http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48180#.U7PFtWeKCih (accessed 3 July 2015).

  313. 313.

    See A/68/878 S/2014/339 ‘Children and Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary General,’ (15 May 2014) http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/68/878&referer http://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/press-release/secretary-generals-annual-report-on-children-and-armed-conflict-documents-continued-child-suffering-in-23-conflict-situations/&Lang=E (accessed 5 July 2015).

  314. 314.

    See UNICEF Press Release, ‘With 15 million children caught up in major conflicts, UNICEF declares 2014 a devastating year for children,’

    http://www.unicef.org/media/media_78058.html (accessed 3 July 2015).

  315. 315.

    UN Secretary General Report on ‘Fulfilling our Collective Responsibility: International Assistance and the Responsibility to Protect,’ (12 August 2014)

    http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/component/content/article/35-r2pcs-topics/5497-2014-report-of-the-un-secretary-general-on-rtop-fulfilling-our-collective-responsibility (accessed 3 July 2015).

  316. 316.

    See United Nations, ‘Security Council, Adopting Resolution 2171 (2014), Pledges Better Use of System-Wide Approach to Conflict Prevention,’ (21 August 2014)

    http://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11528.doc.htm (accessed 2 July 2015).

  317. 317.

    See UN News Centre, ‘Briefing Security Council, senior officials urge UN system-wide approach to early warning, conflict prevention’ (21 August 2014) http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48531#.U_cE12eKCih (accessed 3 July 2015).

  318. 318.

    See Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, ‘Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program,’ (declassified 3 December 2014) https://web.archive.org/web/20141209165504/ http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/study2014/sscistudy1.pdf (accessed 1 July 2015).

  319. 319.

    Jaclyn Belczyk, ‘Senate report: enhanced interrogation techniques “ineffective,”’ Jurist (9 December 2014) http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/12/senate-report-enhanced-interrogation-techniques-ineffective.php (accessed 3 July 2015).

  320. 320.

    See Somini Sengupta, ‘Americans Involved in Torture Can be Prosecuted Abroad, Analysts Say,’ New York Times, (10 December 2014) http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/11/us/politics/americans-involved-in-torture-can-be-prosecuted-abroad-analysts-say.html?emc=edit_tnt_20141210&nlid=67995904&tntemail0=y&_r=1 (accessed 3 July 2015) .

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    Fréderique van Oijen & Jessica Dorsey

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  1. Fréderique van Oijen
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  1. Criminal Law Section, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Terry D. Gill

  2. School of Law, Stair Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

    Robin Geiß

  3. FB Rechtswissenschaft, Freie-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Heike Krieger

  4. Melbourne Law School, Carlton, Victoria, Australia

    Tim McCormack

  5. T.M.C. Asser Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Christophe Paulussen

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    Jessica Dorsey

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van Oijen, F., Dorsey, J. (2016). Year in Review 2014. In: Gill, T., Geiß, R., Krieger, H., McCormack, T., Paulussen, C., Dorsey, J. (eds) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law Volume 17, 2014. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol 17. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-091-6_12

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