Abstract
Adaptive immunity develops during the lifetime of an organism as an adaptation to infection with certain pathogens, also referring to as the acquired immunity. Adaptive immune response is highly antigen specific, although it is relatively slow, it is highly efficient at antigen clearance, and therefore it is also termed as specific immunity. Immune cells participating in the adaptive immunity include T and B cells. T and B cells are activated after antigen recognition, followed by proliferation and differentiation that lead to the production of effector cells and molecules, which eventually clear foreign substances from the system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Paul WE. Fundamental immunology. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
Murphy K. Janeway’s immunology. 8th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2011.
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and molecular immunology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2010.
Parslow TG, Stites DP, Terry AI, Imboden JB. Medical immunology. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange; 2001.
Sercarz EE, Maverakis E. Mhc-guided processing: binding of large antigen fragments. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3(8):621–9.
Wang JH, Reinherz EL. Structural basis of T cell recognition of peptides bound to MHC molecules. Mol Immunol. 2002;38(14):1039–49.
Zamoyska R. CD4 and CD8: modulators of T-cell receptor recognition of antigen and of immune responses? Curr Opin Immunol. 1998;10(1):82–7.
Gromme M, Neefjes J. Antigen degradation or presentation by MHC class I molecules via classical and non-classical pathways. Mol Immunol. 2002;39(3–4):181–202.
Williams A, Peh CA, Elliott T. The cell biology of MHC class I antigen presentation. Tissue Antigens. 2002;59(1):3–17.
Schubert U, Anton LC, Gibbs J, Norbury CC, Yewdell JW, Bennink JR. Rapid degradation of a large fraction of newly synthesized proteins by proteasomes. Nature. 2000;404(6779):770–4.
Rock KL, York IA, Saric T, Goldberg AL. Protein degradation and the generation of MHC class I-presented peptides. Adv Immunol. 2002;80:1–70.
Villadangos JA. Presentation of antigens by MHC class II molecules: getting the most out of them. Mol Immunol. 2001;38(5):329–46.
Lennon-Dumenil AM, Bakker AH, Wolf-Bryant P, Ploegh HL, Lagaudriere-Gesbert C. A closer look at proteolysis and MHC-class-II-restricted antigen presentation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2002;14(1):15–21.
Ackerman AL, Cresswell P. Cellular mechanisms governing cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. Nat Immunol. 2004;5(7):678–84.
Cooper AM. Cell-mediated immune responses in tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:393–422.
Kaufmann SH. Tuberculosis vaccines: time to think about the next generation. Semin Immunol. 2013;25(2):172–81.
Stenger S, Hanson DA, Teitelbaum R, Dewan P, Niazi KR, Froelich CJ, et al. An antimicrobial activity of cytolytic T cells mediated by granulysin. Science. 1998;282(5386):121–5.
Prezzemolo T, Guggino G, La Manna MP, Di Liberto D, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Functional signatures of human CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol. 2014;5:180.
Bottino C, Castriconi R, Pende D, Rivera P, Nanni M, Carnemolla B, et al. Identification of PVR (CD155) and Nectin-2 (CD112) as cell surface ligands for the human DNAM-1 (CD226) activating molecule. J Exp Med. 2003;198(4):557–67.
Joller N, Peters A, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK. Immune checkpoints in central nervous system autoimmunity. Immunol Rev. 2012;248(1):122–39.
Bour-Jordan H, Esensten JH, Martinez-Llordella M, Penaranda C, Stumpf M, Bluestone JA. Intrinsic and extrinsic control of peripheral T-cell tolerance by costimulatory molecules of the CD28/B7 family. Immunol Rev. 2011;241(1):180–205.
Alegre ML, Noel PJ, Eisfelder BJ, Chuang E, Clark MR, Reiner SL, et al. Regulation of surface and intracellular expression of CTLA4 on mouse T cells. J Immunol. 1996;157(11):4762–70.
Paterson AM, Vanguri VK, Sharpe AH. SnapShot: B7/CD28 costimulation. Cell. 2009;137(5):974–4.e1.
Walunas TL, Bakker CY, Bluestone JA. CTLA-4 ligation blocks CD28-dependent T cell activation. J Exp Med. 1996;183(6):2541–50.
Linsley PS, Brady W, Urnes M, Grosmaire LS, Damle NK, Ledbetter JA. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med. 1991;174(3):561–9.
Eyerich S, Eyerich K, Pennino D, Carbone T, Nasorri F, Pallotta S, et al. Th22 cells represent a distinct human T cell subset involved in epidermal immunity and remodeling. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(12):3573–85.
Wuthrich M, Deepe Jr GS, Klein B. Adaptive immunity to fungi. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:115–48.
Sie C, Korn T, Mitsdoerffer M. Th17 cells in central nervous system autoimmunity. Exp Neurol. 2014; 262(A):18-27.
Bouchery T, Kyle R, Ronchese F, Le Gros G. The differentiation of CD4(+) T-helper cell subsets in the context of Helminth parasite infection. Front Immunol. 2014;5:487.
Veldhoen M, Uyttenhove C, van Snick J, Helmby H, Westendorf A, Buer J, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta ‘reprograms’ the differentiation of T helper 2 cells and promotes an interleukin 9-producing subset. Nat Immunol. 2008;9(12):1341–6.
Schmitt E, Beuscher HU, Huels C, Monteyne P, van Brandwijk R, van Snick J, et al. IL-1 serves as a secondary signal for IL-9 expression. J Immunol. 1991;147(11):3848–54.
Schmitt E, Germann T, Goedert S, Hoehn P, Huels C, Koelsch S, et al. IL-9 production of naive CD4+ T cells depends on IL-2, is synergistically enhanced by a combination of TGF-beta and IL-4, and is inhibited by IFN-gamma. J Immunol. 1994;153(9):3989–96.
Uyttenhove C, Brombacher F, Van Snick J. TGF-beta interactions with IL-1 family members trigger IL-4-independent IL-9 production by mouse CD4(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40(8):2230–5.
Schmitt E, Klein M, Bopp T. Th9 cells, new players in adaptive immunity. Trends Immunol. 2014;35(2):61–8.
Purwar R, Schlapbach C, Xiao S, Kang HS, Elyaman W, Jiang X, et al. Robust tumor immunity to melanoma mediated by interleukin-9-producing T cells. Nat Med. 2012;18(8):1248–53.
Lu Y, Hong S, Li H, Park J, Hong B, Wang L, et al. Th9 cells promote antitumor immune responses in vivo. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(11):4160–71.
Lo Re S, Lison D, Huaux F. CD4+ T lymphocytes in lung fibrosis: diverse subsets, diverse functions. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;93(4):499–510.
Kerzerho J, Maazi H, Speak AO, Szely N, Lombardi V, Khoo B, et al. Programmed cell death ligand 2 regulates TH9 differentiation and induction of chronic airway hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(4):1048–57, 57 e1–2.
Duhen T, Geiger R, Jarrossay D, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Production of interleukin 22 but not interleukin 17 by a subset of human skin-homing memory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2009;10(8):857–63.
Ramirez JM, Brembilla NC, Sorg O, Chicheportiche R, Matthes T, Dayer JM, et al. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor reveals distinct requirements for IL-22 and IL-17 production by human T helper cells. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40(9):2450–9.
Veldhoen M, Hirota K, Christensen J, O’Garra A, Stockinger B. Natural agonists for aryl hydrocarbon receptor in culture medium are essential for optimal differentiation of Th17 T cells. J Exp Med. 2009;206(1):43–9.
Trifari S, Kaplan CD, Tran EH, Crellin NK, Spits H. Identification of a human helper T cell population that has abundant production of interleukin 22 and is distinct from T(H)-17, T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells. Nat Immunol. 2009;10(8):864–71.
Nograles KE, Zaba LC, Guttman-Yassky E, Fuentes-Duculan J, Suarez-Farinas M, Cardinale I, et al. Th17 cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 modulate distinct inflammatory and keratinocyte-response pathways. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(5):1092–102.
Res PC, Piskin G, de Boer OJ, van der Loos CM, Teeling P, Bos JD, et al. Overrepresentation of IL-17A and IL-22 producing CD8 T cells in lesional skin suggests their involvement in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):e14108.
Fujita H. The role of IL-22 and Th22 cells in human skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci. 2013;72(1):3–8.
Chen W, Jin W, Hardegen N, Lei KJ, Li L, Marinos N, et al. Conversion of peripheral CD4 + CD25- naive T cells to CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3. J Exp Med. 2003;198(12):1875–86.
Abdoli R, Najafian N. T helper cells fate mapping by co-stimulatory molecules and its functions in allograft rejection and tolerance. Int J Organ Transplant Med. 2014;5(3):97–110.
Campbell DJ, Koch MA. Phenotypical and functional specialization of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):119–30.
Ohl K, Tenbrock K. Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol. 2014;45:344–55.
Takahashi T, Tagami T, Yamazaki S, Uede T, Shimizu J, Sakaguchi N, et al. Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells constitutively expressing cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4. J Exp Med. 2000;192(2):303–10.
Thornton AM, Shevach EM. CD4 + CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells suppress polyclonal T cell activation in vitro by inhibiting interleukin 2 production. J Exp Med. 1998;188(2):287–96.
McNally A, Hill GR, Sparwasser T, Thomas R, Steptoe RJ. CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells control CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation by modulating IL-`omeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(18):7529–34.
Lim HW, Hillsamer P, Banham AH, Kim CH. Cutting edge: direct suppression of B cells by CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2005;175(7):4180–3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sun, H., Sun, C., Tian, Z. (2017). The Adaptive Immunity. In: Gao, XH., Chen, HD. (eds) Practical Immunodermatology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0902-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0902-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-024-0900-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-024-0902-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)