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Eutrophication

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Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Abstract

Anthropogenic increases in nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have driven increases in eutrophication, the occurrence of ecosystem changes due to over-supply of nutrients. Eutrophic water bodies exhibit changes in species composition that often include algal blooms and oxygen depletion, with occasionally arresting images of fish kills or dead zones. Though dramatic and subtle consequences of eutrophication itself have been described for over 100 years, understanding of nutrients as the main drivers for this phenomenon is more recent. Modelling nutrient fate has reached a basic level of operability, with a general rule that freshwaters are limited in phosphorus (and hence respond to its addition), and terrestrial and marine systems are nitrogen limited. However, understanding of ecosystems responses such as species shifts or changes in primary productivity is still growing. Future work should incorporate more comprehensive metrics to quantify impacts of eutrophication on ecosystems – and the human systems that depend on them.

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  1. Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Herman Pressler, RAS W634, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Andrew D. Henderson

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  1. Division for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark

    Michael Z. Hauschild

  2. Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Mark A.J. Huijbregts

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Henderson, A.D. (2015). Eutrophication. In: Hauschild, M., Huijbregts, M. (eds) Life Cycle Impact Assessment. LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9744-3_10

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