Abstract
Change is the soul of biomarker definition. Changes are more likely to be removed from blood because of homeostasis mechanisms of the body. Therefore, urine is probably a better biomarker source than blood. The road map to the urinary biomarker era is proposed. Researchers are reminded the potential opportunities and risks in their study design. Kidney diseases are emphasized as they produce most significant changes in urine.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (2001) Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:89–95
IPCS (2001) Biomarkers in risk assessment: validity and validation environmental health criteria series 22
Wikepedia (2014, October 11) Homeostasis. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeostasis&oldid=629140917
Gao Y (2013) Urine-an untapped goldmine for biomarker discovery? Sci China Life Sci 56:1145–1146
Wikipedia (2014, October 11) Biomarker (medicine). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biomarker_(medicine)&oldid=622306690
Bouatra S, Aziat F, Mandal R, Guo AC, Wilson MR et al (2013) The human urine metabolome. PLoS One 8:e73076
Marimuthu A, O’Meally RN, Chaerkady R, Subbannayya Y, Nanjappa V et al (2011) A comprehensive map of the human urinary proteome. J Proteome Res 10:2734–2743
Kentsis A, Monigatti F, Dorff K, Campagne F, Bachur R et al (2009) Urine proteomics for profiling of human disease using high accuracy mass spectrometry. Proteomics Clin Appl 3:1052–1061
Menglin L, Mindi Z, Youhe G (2013) Changes of proteins induced by anticoagulants can be more sensitively detected in urine than in plasma
Payne SR, Serth J, Schostak M, Kamradt J, Strauss A et al (2009) DNA methylation biomarkers of prostate cancer: confirmation of candidates and evidence urine is the most sensitive body fluid for non-invasive detection. Prostate 69:1257–1269
Wu T, Du Y, Han J, Singh S, Xie C et al (2013) Urinary angiostatin-a novel putative marker of renal pathology chronicity in lupus nephritis. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 12:1170–1179
Huang JT, Chaudhuri R, Albarbarawi O, Barton A, Grierson C et al (2012) Clinical validity of plasma and urinary desmosine as biomarkers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 67:502–508
Smith ER, Zurakowski D, Saad A, Scott RM, Moses MA (2008) Urinary biomarkers predict brain tumor presence and response to therapy. Clin Cancer Res 14:2378–2386
Shao C, Li M, Li X, Wei L, Zhu L et al (2011) A tool for biomarker discovery in the urinary proteome: a manually curated human and animal urine protein biomarker database. Mol Cell Proteomics 10:M111 010975
Jia L, Zhang L, Shao C, Song E, Sun W et al (2009) An attempt to understand kidney’s protein handling function by comparing plasma and urine proteomes. PLoS One 4:e5146
Gao Y (2014) Roadmap to the Urine Biomarker Era. MOJ Proteomics Bioinformatics 1:00005
Zhao M, Li M, Li X, Shao C, Yin J et al (2014) Dynamic changes of urinary proteins in a focal segmental glomerulosclerosis rat model. Proteome science 12:42
Jia L, Liu X, Liu L, Li M, Gao Y (2014) Urimem, a membrane that can store urinary proteins simply and economically, makes the large-scale storage of clinical samples possible. Sci China Life Sci 57:336–339
Masola V, Gambaro G, Tibaldi E, Brunati AM, Gastaldello A et al (2012) Heparanase and syndecan-1 interplay orchestrates fibroblast growth factor-2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular cells. J Biol Chem 287:1478–1488
Chen Y, Gu B, Wu S, Sun W, Ma S et al (2009) Using enrichment index for quality control of secretory protein sample and identification of secretory proteins. J Mass Spectrom 44:397–403
Nagaraj N, Mann M (2011) Quantitative analysis of the intra- and inter-individual variability of the normal urinary proteome. J Proteome Res 10:637–645
Molina L, Salvetat N, Ameur RB, Peres S, Sommerer N et al (2011) Analysis of the variability of human normal urine by 2D-GE reveals a “public” and a “private” proteome. J Proteomics 75:70–80
Gao Y (2014) Opportunities You Do Not Want to Miss and Risks You Cannot Afford to Take in Urine Biomarker Era. MOJ Proteomics Bioinformatics 1:00003
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gao, Y. (2015). Urine Is a Better Biomarker Source Than Blood Especially for Kidney Diseases. In: Gao, Y. (eds) Urine Proteomics in Kidney Disease Biomarker Discovery. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 845. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9523-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9523-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9522-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9523-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)