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Across Rainforests and Woodlands: A Systematic Reappraisal of the Lupemban Middle Stone Age in Central Africa

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Africa from MIS 6-2

Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

The Central African Middle Stone Age (MSA) is very poorly understood in comparison to the higher-resolution records of East and southern Africa. Severe taphonomic barriers to the construction of reliable chrono-stratigraphic, techno-typological, and paleoenvironmental frameworks continue to inhibit any nuanced understanding of post-MIS 6 technological change and behavioral adaptations. This chapter reviews existing knowledge of the earlier part of MIS 6-2 in the rainforests and woodlands of Central Africa from the perspective of the MSA Lupemban industry. Archaeological sequences on the woodland fringes of the Congo Basin bear witness to a technological shift characterized by the replacement of hand-held (Mode 2) Acheulean implements by distinctive tools suitable for hafting (Mode 3). While Mode 2 technology is absent from the contemporary equatorial rainforest zone, Mode 3 tools, including bifacial lanceolate points, core axes , and backed blades , are found across the region as the MSA Lupemban industry. As the earliest sustained archaeological signature in Central Africa, U-series dates of ~260 ka for the industry at Twin Rivers (Zambia) suggest the initial dispersal of pre-sapiens hominins into the equatorial forest belt during MIS 7. The development of sophisticated composite technologies in this ecological context bears directly upon current debates about the origins of behavioral and cognitive complexity in archaic Homo sapiens . In this chapter, current knowledge of the Lupemban is explored systematically with special reference to the hypothesis that it represents a late Middle Pleistocene rainforest and woodland adapted technology. A new site database is drawn upon to critically reassess the industry’s geographical distribution, stratigraphic integrity, chronological position, and paleoenvironmental associations, from which its potential evolutionary significance is reconsidered.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The term ‘rainforest’ is considered an unsatisfactory descriptor by some authors (e.g., White 1983: 46), but is retained here to refer to Central African vegetation zones previously termed Guineo-Congolian forest (White 1983) and closed evergreen forest (Mayaux et al. 2003).

  2. 2.

    According to Clark (1965) the Atlas was never conceived as a functional database for the identification of individual sites.

  3. 3.

    These differences likely stem from the assembly of data from disparate and informal sources (Clark 1965: 312).

  4. 4.

    Lupemban sites listed in Clark’s gazetteer frequently consist of informally named Zambian localities (e.g., Chambeshi Pontoon, Chilesha Railway Cutting) known not to have been the focus of methodical and scientific archaeological investigation, indicating this data may be unrepresentative of the industry.

  5. 5.

    For most reported sites, a combination of criteria in Table 15.3 affects the relevance and quality of information that can be derived. While recognizing that the filters are not mutually exclusive, in each case site integrity is assessed according to the dominant criterion limiting knowledge.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Sacha Jones and Brian Stewart for their invitation to contribute to the Africa MIS 6-2 symposium, and this volume. I am especially grateful to Larry Barham and also to Els Cornelissen for discussions on the Central African MSA that have helped shape the content of this paper, and to Vicky Winton and three anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft. The work presented here was undertaken at the University of Liverpool as part of doctoral research funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC).

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  1. Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool, L69 7WZ, UK

    Nicholas Taylor

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  1. University of Cambridge, McDonald Inst. for Archaeological Rsch, United Kingdom

    Sacha C. Jones

  2. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, ANN ARBOR, Michigan, USA

    Brian A. Stewart

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Taylor, N. (2016). Across Rainforests and Woodlands: A Systematic Reappraisal of the Lupemban Middle Stone Age in Central Africa. In: Jones, S., Stewart, B. (eds) Africa from MIS 6-2. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_15

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