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From Artificialization to the Ecologization of Cropping Systems

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Cultivating Biodiversity to Transform Agriculture

Abstract

In 2050, agriculture will have to feed 9 billion people on Earth, 2 billion more than it does now. It is clear that actual agricultural practices have negative impacts on the environment and the natural resource base. The sustainability of agriculture needs to increase, and new approaches will be required, based on understanding and mobilization of agro-ecological processes, and specifically cultivating biodiversity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    However in recent years, the curve is inflecting and the trend of higher yields is stalling (Brisson et al. 2010).

  2. 2.

    The first agricultural revolution of modern times should not overshadow the intermediate events. These included the introduction of animal traction in its various forms and mastery over water supply, which led to leaps in productivity and simultaneous social reorganizations in some areas.

  3. 3.

    French General Association of Maize Producers (Association générale des producteurs de maïs).

  4. 4.

    http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/ (retrieved: 12 December 2012).

  5. 5.

    We do not cover here research initiatives currently underway that are working on stimulating mineral weathering of the bedrock. They contemplate using biological methods in order to introduce massive amounts of elements into the biogeochemical cycles to counteract the phenomena described.

  6. 6.

    However, some experts wonder whether cultivating acidity-tolerant varieties will not lead to further acidification of soils.

  7. 7.

    Recent studies have shown that, in the Brazilian Amazon, mercury pollution due to gold mining activities and deforestation in the last 30 years has contributed less than 3 % of cumulative mercury concentrations in surface soils (Roulet et al. 1999).

  8. 8.

    We talk about resistance to a product when we find that it is unable to fight pest infestation when used in recommended quantities.

  9. 9.

    Nevertheless, it is worth noting that in tropical Africa, where the mineral balance (external inputs of fertilizers minus exports by the crop production) is negative, the marginal efficiency of fertilization is direct and indisputable (Abuja Declaration, IFDC 2006, http://www.ifdc.org/About/Alliances/Abuja_Declaration). This reality places Africa in variance with respect to global calls for reduced input use. National and international public policies towards Africa often—and rightly so—encourage or subsidize the use of chemical fertilizers.

  10. 10.

    Characteristic cropping system of the humid tropics based on the planting of crops after slashing and burning a forest, most often secondary. The complete rotation period, including the cultivation period followed by the restoration of forest fallow, varies from 10 to 50 years.

  11. 11.

    Crop-livestock systems will be discussed in Chap. 5.

  12. 12.

    The plot is our main scope of study. However, the organization of cropping systems in space and their interactions remains a subject for further study in the future.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Director of the SCA Internal Research Unit (Annual Cropping Systems), Cirad Department Persyst, Montpellier, France

    Florent Maraux

  2. Director of the Hortsys Internal Research Unit (Agroecological Functioning and Performances of Horticultural Cropping Systems), Cirad Department Persyst, Montpellier, France

    Éric Malézieux

  3. Director of the System Joint Research Unit (Tropical and Mediterranean Cropping System Functioning and Management), Inra Department Environment and Agronomy, Montpellier, France

    Christian Gary

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  1. Florent Maraux
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  2. Éric Malézieux
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  3. Christian Gary
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Correspondence to Florent Maraux .

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  1. Cirad, Direction générale, Montpellier, France

    Étienne Hainzelin

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Maraux, F., Malézieux, É., Gary, C. (2013). From Artificialization to the Ecologization of Cropping Systems. In: Hainzelin, É. (eds) Cultivating Biodiversity to Transform Agriculture. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7984-6_3

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