Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a marker of pathological remodeling and a risk factor for multiple conditions, in particular heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Although methods for detection of large-scale cardiac fibrosis are being developed using imaging modalities, these methods are limited in terms of both sensitivity for detection of low-level fibrosis and specificity for different pathways leading to fibrosis. A number of circulating biomarkers of mediators of the fibrosis process can be measured in the plasma, and the goal is that these markers might provide early detection of cardiac fibrosis or direct therapies toward specific pathological conditions. However, while several circulating fibrosis biomarkers hold promise based on clinical investigations, more studies are needed before these factors are ready for application to clinical decision making.
Abbreviations
- AF:
-
Atrial fibrillation
- BMP-1:
-
Bone morphogenetic protein-1
- BNP (NT-proBNP):
-
Brain natriuretic peptide (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide)
- CITP:
-
C-terminal telopeptide, type I collagen
- CTGF:
-
Connective tissue growth factor
- ECG:
-
Electrocardiogram
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- FN:
-
Fibronectin
- Gal-3:
-
Galectin-3
- HCM:
-
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- HF:
-
Heart failure
- HFpEF:
-
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (diastolic heart failure)
- HFrEF:
-
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (systolic heart failure)
- ICD:
-
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
- IL-(10,18,33):
-
Interleukin-(10,18,33)
- LA:
-
Left atrial
- LGE:
-
Late gadolinium enhancement
- LV:
-
Left ventricle
- miRNA/mRNA:
-
Micro-ribonucleic acid/messenger ribonucleic acid
- MMP (1–13):
-
Matrix metalloproteinase (types 1–13)
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- NITP:
-
N-terminal telopeptide, type I collagen
- OPN:
-
Osteopontin
- PICP:
-
Procollagen C-terminal peptide, type I collagen
- PIIINP:
-
Procollagen N-terminal peptide, type III collagen
- PINP:
-
Procollagen N-terminal peptide, type I collagen
- RAAS:
-
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- SCD:
-
Sudden cardiac death
- SPARC:
-
Osteonectin or “secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine”
- sST2:
-
Soluble ST2
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor-beta
- TIMP (1–4):
-
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (types 1–4)
- TSP:
-
Thrombospondin
- VT/VF:
-
Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation
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Definitions
- Arrhythmia
-
Abnormal electrical activity in the heart; generally categorized into problems with slow or impaired conduction (bradyarrhythmias) or problems with rapid or disorganized conduction (tachyarrhythmias). Tachyarrhythmias include “tachycardias,” where electrical activity is organized, and “fibrillation,” where electrical activity is disorganized.
- Atrial fibrillation
-
A cardiac condition in which the electrical activity in the atria is disorganized, causing the appearance of fibrillation on electrocardiogram (ECG).
- Cardiac fibrosis
-
Deposition of collagen in the heart, typically associated with pathological cardiac conditions.
- Collagen
-
A polypeptide formed from three alpha helices that makes up much of the connective tissue of the body. There have been 28 types described, although type 1 (fibrillar collagen) is most abundant.
- Diastolic heart failure
-
Also known as “heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,” which refers to heart failure symptoms occurring when the ejection fraction of the heart is >50 %.
- Late gadolinium enhancement
-
A finding from contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in which gadolinium is “held up” within the walls of the heart, typically used to identify areas of fibrosis.
- Myocardial infarction
-
A condition of acute myocardial cell death, typically resulting from obstruction to the coronary artery system, which if untreated can result in scar formation in the heart.
- Pressure overload model
-
Animal model in which the outflow from the left ventricle is partially constricted, leading to hypertrophy of the heart muscle; designed to mimic high blood pressure or aortic stenosis leading to diastolic heart failure.
- Reactive fibrosis
-
Fibrosis that occurs around living cells, typically due to activation of inflammatory pathways.
- Replacement fibrosis
-
Fibrosis that occurs in the setting of cell death, in which the “scar” formed replaces the previously living cells to maintain organ structure.
- Sudden cardiac death
-
By definition, refers to any sudden death in an individual previously observed to be healthy a brief period beforehand; generally, used to refer to death or near death due to lethal ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia.
- Systolic heart failure
-
Also called “heart failure with reduced ejection fraction”; refers to the cardiac condition in which the normal pump function (ejection fraction) becomes depressed.
- Volume overload model
-
Animal model in which excess blood is returned to the heart, causing it to dilate; designed to mimic systolic heart failure.
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Rosenberg, M. (2016). Disease Focused Approach on Fibrosis Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Health. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7741-5_48-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7741-5_48-2
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Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7741-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences
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Chapter history
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Latest
Disease Focused Approach on Fibrosis Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Health- Published:
- 13 April 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7741-5_48-2
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Original
Circulating Fibrosis Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Health: Disease-Focused Approach in Heart Failure, Arrhythmias, Sudden Cardiac Death, and Atrial Fibrillation- Published:
- 04 February 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7741-5_48-1