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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and the Relationship Between PTH and Bone Health: Structure, Physiology, Actions, and Ethnicity

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Biomarkers in Bone Disease

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Abstract

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium homeostasis by coordinating the hypercalcemic actions of the skeleton, intestine, and kidney. The actions of PTH on this organ axis serve to maintain circulating calcium concentrations in order to support critical functions such as nerve conduction and muscle contraction. At the level of bone tissue, PTH exhibits both anabolic and catabolic actions, making a single PTH result challenging to interpret. The anabolic or catabolic function of PTH on bone is determined by both the dose and periodicity of exposure. Therefore, the measurement of additional biomarkers to include vitamin D metabolites, markers of bone turnover and osteokines to include receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, osteoprotegerin, and sclerostin, is critical when interpreting the effect of PTH on bone tissue. Additionally, race, sex, age, dietary, and lifestyle factors impact PTH concentrations and must be considered. This chapter will discuss the roles of PTH on each of its target organs, biomarkers of PTH action, regulators of PTH secretion, and interpretation of PTH results gleaned from bone studies.

The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Army or the Department of Defense. Any citations of commercial organizations and trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement of approval of the products or services of these organizations.

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Abbreviations

1,25(OH)2D3 :

1,25-Dihyrdoxyvitamin D3

AMP:

Adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate

BMC:

Bone mineral content

BMD:

Bone mineral density

CaSR:

Calcium-sensing receptor

DKK1:

Dickkopf 1

FGF23:

Fibroblast growth factor 23

Fzd:

Frizzled

LRP5/6:

LDL-receptor-related protein 5 or 6

NaPi2a/c:

Sodium-phosphate cotransporters a or c

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

PKC:

Phospholipase/protein kinase C

pQCT:

Peripheral quantitative computed tomography

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

PTHR1:

PTH receptor 1

RANKL:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

TRPV5/6:

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V 5 or 6

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Military Performance and Nutrition Divisions, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave., Bldg 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA

    Erin Gaffney-Stomberg, Michael R. MacArthur & James P. McClung

Authors
  1. Erin Gaffney-Stomberg
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  2. Michael R. MacArthur
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  3. James P. McClung
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Correspondence to Erin Gaffney-Stomberg , Michael R. MacArthur or James P. McClung .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Gaffney-Stomberg, E., MacArthur, M.R., McClung, J.P. (2017). Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and the Relationship Between PTH and Bone Health: Structure, Physiology, Actions, and Ethnicity. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Bone Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7693-7_27

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