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Panoramic Radiomorphometric Indices of Mandible: Biomarker for Osteoporosis

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Biomarkers in Bone Disease

Abstract

Regressive changes occur in all the tissues of the body involving the bone, and osteoporosis is one of such change that is seldom diagnosed before the occurrence of fracture. Osteoporosis most of the time manifests in the maxillofacial region involving jaw bones. Radiographic bone density can be assessed from simple radiographs in two main ways: by taking linear measurements (morphometric analysis) or by measuring the optical density and comparing it with a step wedge (densitometric analysis). It has been proposed that osteopenia observed on panoramic radiographs could be used as a referral criterion for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment.

Panoramic radiography has been an important component of dental diagnostic radiology for over 40 years. It is a technique that produces an image of the teeth and jaws on a single film. Dental panoramic radiography accounts for 32% of all medical radiologic examinations in the United Kingdom, with approximately two million panoramic radiographs taken annually in National Health Service dental practices in England and Wales alone. So the incidental findings detected on panoramic radiographs of these patients can be used for the identification of women who have no awareness of their low BMD and who could benefit from BMD testing. Qualitative and quantitative panoramic indices, including the mandibular cortical index (MCI), mental index (MI), or panoramic mandibular index (PMI), have also been used for panoramic radiographs to assess the bone quality and to observe signs of resumption and osteoporosis.

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Abbreviations

AI:

Antegonial index

BMD:

Bone mineral density

DPA:

Dual photon absorptiometry

DXA:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

GI:

Gonial index

MCI:

Mandibular cortical index

MI/MCW:

Mental index/mandibular cortical width

PMI:

Panoramic mandibular index

QCT:

Quantitative computed tomography

RANKL:

Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand

SPA:

Single photon absorptiometry

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, #14, Ramohalli cross, Mysore road, Kumbalgodu, 560074, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Poornima Govindraju, T. S. Mahesh Kumar, Poornima Chandra, P. Balaji & M. B. Sowbhagya

Authors
  1. Poornima Govindraju
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  2. T. S. Mahesh Kumar
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  3. Poornima Chandra
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  4. P. Balaji
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  5. M. B. Sowbhagya
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Poornima Govindraju , T. S. Mahesh Kumar , Poornima Chandra , P. Balaji or M. B. Sowbhagya .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Govindraju, P., Mahesh Kumar, T.S., Chandra, P., Balaji, P., Sowbhagya, M.B. (2017). Panoramic Radiomorphometric Indices of Mandible: Biomarker for Osteoporosis. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Bone Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7693-7_13

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