Abstract
Humans contrast with their great ape relatives in many ways, but one of the most striking is our richly cooperative social lives. The explanation of this difference is complex and multi-factorial. But this paper argues that one central element is niche construction. Hominins are inveterate and extensive niche constructors. Individually and collectively, we have deeply affected our physical and biological environment, and have used technology to filter and transform the selective effects of the changed physical and biology worlds in which we have lived. But members of our lineage have not just acted on physical and biological environments; they have organised their informational environment too. Not just their own, but that of the next generation. While intensive and active teaching is probably a recent phenomenon, teaching itself is not. Furthermore, adults structure the learning environment of the next generation in many other ways: by acting as models of adult life; by providing supervised, safer environments; by providing toys, tools and props that structure and support trial and error learning. So the skills, values, ideas, information, and expected modes of social interaction and behaviour are made accessible to the next generation. This happens in circumstances which have often been adapted to enhance learning. The main theme of this paper is to show that humans cooperate more than other great apes largely because they reconstruct their environment more than other great apes, and one aspect of that reconstruction has been to make a world in which cooperation could survive and expand.
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Notes
- 1.
There is a rich archaeological literature on “behavioral modernity,” i.e., on the archaeological signs that ancient foragers resemble those known from ethnography. An important issue is the fact that these signs are about 100,000 years younger than our species (d’Errico 2003; Henshilwood and Marean 2003; Nowell 2010; Sterelny 2011). I interpret many of these signs of modernity as signs that a reciprocation-based economy is replacing a mutualistic economy.
- 2.
If the group did not forage as a single unit, those who found a major kill or killing opportunity would need to recruit others; power scavenging offers large economies of scale.
- 3.
- 4.
By this I mean sapiens, Neanderthals, and their immediate predecessor: the very large-brained hominins of the last half a million years.
- 5.
Don Ross goes further, arguing that humans shape one another’s psychology and habits, creating in one another stable and relatively public intentional profiles, making longer term collaboration and coordination possible. Our unshaped brains would leave us with much less stable world views and preference functions, and hence make our moment-by-moment decision making far less predictable (Ross 2006a).
- 6.
That is not all they do, of course, and while these contemporary social mechanisms do coordinate and regularize interaction, making forms of cooperation possible that would be otherwise inconceivable, they also distribute the profits of those interactions very unequally, while often at the same time entrenching those inequalities.
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Sterelny, K. (2014). Constructing the Cooperative Niche. In: Barker, G., Desjardins, E., Pearce, T. (eds) Entangled Life. History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7067-6_13
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