Skip to main content

Role of the Immunological Environment in Cancer Initiation, Development and Progression

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Tumor Immunoenvironment

Abstract

The last two decades have been characterized by a substantial progress in our understanding of the role of the immune system in tumor progression. We have learned how to manipulate the immune system to generate measurable tumor-specific immune responses. On the other hand, cancer cells induce malfunctions in immunity, as they manage to escape recognition and elimination by immune cells and factors. Chronic inflammation associated with a strong immunosuppression was also found to contribute to tumor initiation, progression and metastatic process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aggarwal BB, Vijayalekshmi RV, Sung B (2009) Targeting inflammatory pathways for prevention and therapy of cancer: short-term friend, long-term foe. Clin Cancer Res 15(2):425–430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allavena P, Mantovani A (2012) Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: tumour-associated macrophages: undisputed stars of the inflammatory tumour microenvironment. Clin Exp Immunol 167(2):195–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen M, Louise Jones J (2011) Jekyll and Hyde: the role of the microenvironment on the progression of cancer. J Pathol 223(2):162–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonecchi R, Galliera E, Borroni EM, Corsi MM, Locati M, Mantovani A (2009) Chemokines and chemokine receptors: an overview. Front Biosci 14:540–551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnet M (1957a) Cancer; a biological approach. I. The processes of control. Br Med J 1(5022):779–786

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnet M (1957b) Biology and medicine. Eugenics Rev 49(3):127–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne WL, Mills KH, Lederer JA, O’Sullivan GC (2011) Targeting regulatory T cells in cancer. Cancer Res 71(22):6915–6920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA (2011) A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science 331(6024):1559–1564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow MT, Moller A, Smyth MJ (2012) Inflammation and immune surveillance in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 22(1):23–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cobucci RN, Saconato H, Lima PH, Rodrigues HM, Prudencio TL, Junior JE, Giraldo PC, Goncalves AK (2012) Comparative incidence of cancer in HIV-AIDS patients and transplant recipients. Cancer Epidemiol 36(2):69–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coles SJ, Wang EC, Man S, Hills RK, Burnett AK, Tonks A, Darley RL (2011) CD200 expression suppresses natural killer cell function and directly inhibits patient anti-tumor response in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 25(5):792–799

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coley WB (1891) II. Contribution to the knowledge of Sarcoma. Ann Surg 14(3):199–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condamine T, Gabrilovich DI (2011) Molecular mechanisms regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cell differentiation and function. Trends Immunol 32(1):19–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condeelis J, Pollard JW (2006) Macrophages: obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell 124(2):263–266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daurkin I, Eruslanov E, Stoffs T, Perrin GQ, Algood C, Gilbert SM, Rosser CJ, Su LM, Vieweg J, Kusmartsev S (2011) Tumor-associated macrophages mediate immunosuppression in the renal cancer microenvironment by activating the 15-lipoxygenase-2 pathway. Cancer Res 71(20):6400–6409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich P (1909) Ãœber den jetzigen Stand der Karzinomforschung. Beiträge zur experimentellen Pathologie und Chemotherapie, pp 117–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferlay J, Shin H, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin D (2010) GLOBOCAN 2008, Cancer incidence and mortality Worldwide http://globocaniarc.fr

  • Finger EC, Giaccia AJ (2010) Hypoxia, inflammation, and the tumor microenvironment in metastatic disease. Cancer Metastasis Rev 29(2):285–293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fridlender ZG, Albelda SM (2012) Tumor-associated neutrophils: friend or foe? Carcinogenesis

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith O (1774) An history of the frog kind: a history of the earth and animated nature. J Nourse 7:102–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory AD, Houghton AM (2011) Tumor-associated neutrophils: new targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Res 71(7):2411–2416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M (2010) Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 140(6):883–899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoption Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C, Glover DW (2002) Spontaneous regression: a hidden treasure buried in time. Med Hypotheses 58(2):115–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton AM (2010) The paradox of tumor-associated neutrophils: fueling tumor growth with cytotoxic substances. Cell Cycle 9(9):1732–1737

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain SP, Harris CC (2007) Inflammation and cancer: an ancient link with novel potentials. Int J Cancer 121(11):2373–2380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail N, Shurin MR (2012) Cancer and infection: friends or foes? Future Oncol 8(9):1061–1064

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain RK (2005) Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 307(5706):58–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jochems C, Schlom J (2011) Tumor-infiltrating immune cells and prognosis: the potential link between conventional cancer therapy and immunity. Exp Biol Med 236(5):567–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalluri R, Weinberg RA (2009) The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Investig 119(6):1420–1428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karin M (2006) Nuclear factor-kappaB in cancer development and progression. Nature 441(7092):431–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Takahashi H, Lin WW, Descargues P, Grivennikov S, Kim Y, Luo JL, Karin M (2009) Carcinoma-produced factors activate myeloid cells through TLR2 to stimulate metastasis. Nature 457(7225):102–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koduru S, Wong E, Strowig T, Sundaram R, Zhang L, Strout MP, Flavell RA, Schatz DG, Dhodapkar KM, Dhodapkar MV (2012) Dendritic cell-mediated activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent induction of genomic instability in human myeloma. Blood 119(10):2302–2309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu JK, Surh YJ (2012) Emerging avenues linking inflammation and cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 52(9):2013–2037

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lion E, Willemen Y, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL (2012) Natural killer cell immune escape in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 26(9):2019−2026

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe DB, Storkus WJ (2011) Chronic inflammation and immunologic-based constraints in malignant disease. Immunotherapy 3(10):1265–1274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luo JL, Maeda S, Hsu LC, Yagita H, Karin M (2004) Inhibition of NF-kappaB in cancer cells converts inflammation: induced tumor growth mediated by TNFalpha to TRAIL-mediated tumor regression. Cancer Cell 6(3):297–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Shurin GV, Gutkin DW, Shurin MR (2012) Tumor associated regulatory dendritic cells. Semin Cancer Biol 22(4):298−306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F (2008) Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454(7203):436–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montero AJ, Diaz-Montero CM, Kyriakopoulos CE, Bronte V, Mandruzzato S (2012) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer patients: a clinical perspective. J Immunother 35(2):107–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen DX, Bos PD, Massague J (2009) Metastasis: from dissemination to organ-specific colonization. Nat Rev 9(4):274–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palumbo JS, Talmage KE, Massari JV, La Jeunesse CM, Flick MJ, Kombrinck KW, Hu Z, Barney KA, Degen JL (2007) Tumor cell-associated tissue factor and circulating hemostatic factors cooperate to increase metastatic potential through natural killer cell-dependent and-independent mechanisms. Blood 110(1):133–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardoll D, Drake C (2012) Immunotherapy earns its spot in the ranks of cancer therapy. J Exp Med 209(2):201–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pikarsky E, Porat RM, Stein I, Abramovitch R, Amit S, Kasem S, Gutkovich-Pyest E, Urieli-Shoval S, Galun E, Ben-Neriah Y (2004) NF-kappaB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer. Nature 431(7007):461–466

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polyak K, Weinberg RA (2009) Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states: acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Nat Rev 9(4):265–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prestwich RJ, Errington F, Hatfield P, Merrick AE, Ilett EJ, Selby PJ, Melcher AA (2008) The immune system: is it relevant to cancer development, progression and treatment? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 20(2):101–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakoff-Nahoum S, Medzhitov R (2009) Toll-like receptors and cancer. Nat Rev 9(1):57–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rini BI (2009) Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: many treatment options, one patient. J Clin Oncol 27(19):3225–3234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rius J, Guma M, Schachtrup C, Akassoglou K, Zinkernagel AS, Nizet V, Johnson RS, Haddad GG, Karin M (2008) NF-kappaB links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional regulation of HIF-1alpha. Nature 453(7196):807–811

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg SA (2012) Raising the bar: the curative potential of human cancer immunotherapy. Sci Transl Med 4(127):127ps8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sansone P, Bromberg J (2011) Environment, inflammation, and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 21(1):80–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer M, Werner S (2008) Cancer as an overhealing wound: an old hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9(8):628–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ (2011) Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity’s roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 331(6024):1565–1570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shevach EM (2011) Biological functions of regulatory T cells. Adv Immunol 112:137–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shurin MR, Shurin GV, Lokshin A, Yurkovetsky ZR, Gutkin DW, Chatta G, Zhong H, Han B, Ferris RL (2006) Intratumoral cytokines/chemokines/growth factors and tumor infiltrating dendritic cells: friends or enemies? Cancer Metastasis Rev 25(3):333–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shurin MR, Gregory M, Morris JC, Malyguine AM (2010) Genetically modified dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy: a better tomorrow? Expert Opin Biol Ther 10(11):1539–1553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shurin GV, Ouellette CE, Shurin MR (2011) Regulatory dendritic cells in the tumor immuno environment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 61(2):223–230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ACS, American Cancer Society (2012) Global Cancer facts and Figures 2012. Available from: http://wwwcancerorg/research/cancerfactsfigures/index

  • Solinas G, Marchesi F, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Allavena P (2010) Inflammation-mediated promotion of invasion and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 29(2):243–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solito S, Bronte V, Mandruzzato S (2011) Antigen specificity of immune suppression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Leukoc Biol 90(1):31–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soucek L, Lawlor ER, Soto D, Shchors K, Swigart LB, Evan GI (2007) Mast cells are required for angiogenesis and macroscopic expansion of Myc-induced pancreatic islet tumors. Nat Med 13(10):1211–1218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparmann A, Bar-Sagi D (2004) Ras-induced interleukin-8 expression plays a critical role in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 6(5):447–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talmadge JE (2011) Immune cell infiltration of primary and metastatic lesions: mechanisms and clinical impact. Semin Cancer Biol 21(2):131–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas L (1959) Discussion. In: Lawrence HS (ed) Cellular and humoral aspects of the hypersensitive states. Hoeber-Harper, New York, pp 529–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Vakkila J, Lotze MT (2004) Inflammation and necrosis promote tumour growth. Nat Rev Immunol 4(8):641–648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Waes C (2007) Nuclear factor-kappaB in development, prevention, and therapy of cancer. Clin Cancer Res 13(4):1076–1082

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanneman M, Dranoff G (2012) Combining immunotherapy and targeted therapies in cancer treatment. Nat Rev 12(4):237–251

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, Smyth MJ (2011) Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu Rev Immunol 29:235–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virchow R (1863) Die Krankhaften Geschwülste. August Hirschwald, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteside TL (2010) Inhibiting the inhibitors: evaluating agents targeting cancer immunosuppression. Expert Opinion Biol Ther 10(7):1019–1035

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyckoff JB, Wang Y, Lin EY, Li JF, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Segall JE, Pollard JW, Condeelis J (2007) Direct visualization of macrophage-assisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 67(6):2649–2656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Weinberg RA (2008) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis. Dev Cell 14(6):818–829

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu H, Kortylewski M, Pardoll D (2007) Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol 7(1):41–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael R. Shurin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Malyguine, A., Umansky, V., Shurin, M.R. (2013). Role of the Immunological Environment in Cancer Initiation, Development and Progression. In: Shurin, M., Umansky, V., Malyguine, A. (eds) The Tumor Immunoenvironment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6217-6_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics