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Osteoporosis

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Abstract

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that weakens bone and predisposes an individual to an increased risk of fracture. It has a major public health impact and current demographic trends point to an increasing number of individuals with osteoporosis worldwide. Current prevalence estimates using bone mineral density (BMD) criteria suggest that 50% of women and 32% of men have osteopenia (low bone mass) and 11% of women and 2% of men have osteoporosis. Hip fractures are the most devastating type of fracture, with major impacts on mortality, disability and institutionalism. Secular declines in hip fracture rates have been described for North America, but secular increases in hip fracture rates have been described for Asia. Age and low BMD are major risk factors for fracture in both men and women. Of importance, individuals who have the greatest number of risk factors have an increased risk of fracture. The World Health Organization has developed a fracture risk calculator (FRAX®) and many treatment guidelines incorporate FRAX® into their recommendation on who to treat. Future research needs include the identification of common genes that have large effects, the further understanding of the diabetes-bone-fat interface, and the identification of novel biomarkers of risk.

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Abbreviations

BMD:

Bone Mineral Density

BMI:

Body Mass Index

DALY:

Disability Adjusted Life Years

DXA:

Duel-energy X-ray Absorptiometry

FSH:

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

HR:

Hazard Ratio

IGF:

Insulin-like Growth Factor

IOF:

International Osteoporosis Foundation

MrOS:

Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study

MSC:

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

NHANES:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

NOF:

National Osteoporosis Foundation

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

QCT:

Quantitative Computed Tomography

RANKL:

Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κB Ligand

SD:

Standard Deviation

SMR:

Standardized Mortality Ratio

SWAN:

Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

US:

United States

vBMD:

Volumetric Bone Mineral Density

WHI:

Women’s Health Initiative

WHO:

World Health Organization

25(OH)D:

25-hydroxyvitamin D

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, A510 Crabtree, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA

    Jane A. Cauley DrPH

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  1. Jane A. Cauley DrPH
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, A527 Crabtree Hall, DeSoto Street 130, Pittsburgh, 15261, Pennsylvania, USA

    Anne B. Newman

  2. Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, DeSoto Street, A510 Crabtree 130, Pittsburgh, 15261, Pennsylvania, USA

    Jane A. Cauley

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© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Cauley, J.A. (2012). Osteoporosis. In: Newman, A., Cauley, J. (eds) The Epidemiology of Aging. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5061-6_28

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