Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Business Ethics: A Literature Review with a Focus on Marketing Ethics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics

Part of the book series: Advances in Business Ethics Research ((ABER,volume 2))

Abstract

In recent years, the business ethics literature has exploded in both volume and importance. Because of the sheer volume and diversity of this literature, a review article was deemed necessary to provide focus and clarity to the area. The present paper reviews the literature on business ethics with a special focus in marketing ethics. The literature is divided into normative and empirical sections, with more emphasis given to the latter. Even though the majority of the articles deal with the American reality, most of the knowledge gained is easily transferable to other nations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abratt, Russell, and Diane Sacks. 1988. The marketing challenge: Toward being profitable and socially responsible. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 497–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J.Stacy. 1963. Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and social Psychology 67: 422–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, Wroe. 1964. Ethics, ideologies and sanctions’, in report of the committee on ethical standards and professional practice. Chicago: AMA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, Wroe. 1965. Dynamic marketing behavior. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C.S., and H.J. Becker. 1978. The use of vignettes in survey research. Public Opinion Quarterly 42: 93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, Fred T. 1977. Should corporate ethics be regulated? Management Review 66(March): 16–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreason, Alan, and Arthur Best. 1977. Consumers complain – Does business respond? Harvard Business Review 55(July–August): 93–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlow, P., and T.A. Ulrich. 1980. Business ethics, social responsibility and business students: An empirical comparison of Clark’s study. Akron Business and Economic Review 11(Fall): 17–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlow, P., and T.A. Ulrich. 1982. Can ethics be taught to business students? The Collegiate Forum 14: 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlow, P., and T.A. Ulrich. 1985. Business ethics and business school graduates: A longitudinal study. Akron Business and Economic Review 16(Spring): 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlow, P., and T.A. Ulrich. 1988. A longitudinal survey of business school graduates’ assessments of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahm, A.J. 1982. Teaching ethics without ethics to teach. Journal of Business Ethics 1: 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baily, N.A. 1968. The role of business and business schools in raising ethical standards in business. MSU Business Topics 16(Spring): 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, James C. 1985. The international infant formula controversy: A dilemma in corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics 4: 181–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barach, Jeffery A., and Elizabeth A. Nicol. 1980. Teaching ethics in business school. Collegiate News and Views 34(Fall): 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, Richmon. 1979a. Can we prevent questionable foreign payments? Business Horizons 22(June): 14–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, V. 1979b. Moral issues in business, 39–70. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, Robert. 1967. A model for ethics in marketing. Journal of Marketing 31(January): 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, Raymond, and Dan H. Fenn Jr. 1972. The corporate social audit. New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumhart, Raymond S.J. 1961. How ethical are businessmen? Harvard Business Review 39(July–August): 6–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, Tom L., and Norman E. Bowie. 1983. Ethical theory and business, 2nd ed. EnglewoodCliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellizzi, Joseph A., and Gene W. Murdock. 1981. Industrial sales management in the 1980s. Industrial Marketing Management 10(October): 299–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltramini, Richard F. 1986. Ethics and the use of competitive information acquisition strategies. Journal of Business Ethics 5: 307–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltramini, Richard F., Robert A. Peterson, and George Kozmetsky. 1984. Concerns of college students regarding business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 3: 195–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, H.W. 1977. Corporate ethics: Who cares? Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 5(Summer): 154–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berleant, Arnold. 1982. Multinationals, local practice, and the problem of ethical consistency. Journal of Business Ethics 1: 185–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezilla, Robert, Joel B. Haynes, and Clifford Elliot. 1976. Ethics in marketing research. Business Horizons 19(April): 83–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blankenship, A.B. 1964. Some aspects of ethics in marketing research. Journal of Marketing Research 1(May): 26–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogart, Leo. 1962. The researcher’s dilemma. Journal of Marketing 26(January): 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bok, D.C. 1976. Can ethics be taught? Change 8(October): 26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boling, T.Edwin. 1978. The management ethics crisis: An organizational perspective. Academy of Management Review 3(April): 360–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bommer, Michael, Clarence Grato, Jerry Gravander, and Mark Tuttle. 1987. A behavioral model of ethical and unethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics 6: 265–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, Kenneth: Bibliography of Business Ethics and Business Moral Values. For printed copies contact the Center for Business Ethics at Bentley College, Waltham, MA 02254. Computer disks can be obtained from the author at the College of Business, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, Kenneth. 1971. The ethics of persuasion. Paper presented at the AMA Educators’ Conference, Minneapolis, MN, August 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, J.S. 1976. Managerial ethics in business and government. Business Horizons 19(October): 48–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, Neil F. 1985. A Janus-headed model of ethical theory: Looking two ways at business/society issues. Academy of Management Review 7: 568–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, Steven N., and Earl A. Molander. 1977. Is the ethics of business executives changing? Harvard Business Review 55(January–February): 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, Gail. 1980. Sexual pitches in ads become more explicit and more pervasive. The Wall Street Journal, 1+, November 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, Gail, and T. Birnbaum. 1980. Some people believe that blue jean ads are a little too blue. The Wall Street Journal, 1, October 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, John, and Noel B. Zabriskie. 1983. How ethical are industrial buyers? Industrial Marketing Management 12: 219–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchholz, R.A. 1979. Business environment/public policy: A study of teaching and research in schools of business and management. Washington, DC: American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, Kenneth, and Sandra L. Schmidt. 1983. The information explosion: Students need to consider the ethical issues. In Southern Marketing Association Proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byron, William J. 1977. The meaning of ethics in business. Business Horizons 20(December): 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, D., and S. Bok. 1980. Ethics teaching in higher education. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, Albert Z. 1968. Is business bluffing ethical? Harvard Business Review 46(January–February): 143–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, Albert Z. 1970. Can an executive afford a conscience? Harvard Business Review 61(July–August): 58–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, Archie B. 1975. Managerial ethics: A post-watergate view. Business Horizons 18(April): 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh, Gerald F., Dennis J. Moberg, and Manuel Velasquez. 1981. The ethics of organizational politics. Academy of Management Review 6(3): 363–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Business Ethics. 1986. Are corporations institutionalizing ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 5: 85–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatov, Robert. 1980. What corporate ethics statements say. California Management Review 22(Summer): 20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chonko, Lawrence B., and Shelby D. Hunt. 1985. Ethics and marketing management: An empirical exatnination. Journal of Business Research 13: 339–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, John W.S. 1966. Religion and moral standards of American businessmen. Cincinnati: South-Western.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clasen, Earl A. 1967. Marketing ethics and the consumer. Harvard Business Review 45(January–February): 79–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clawson, Joseph C., and Donald E. Vinson. 1978. Human values: A historical and interdisciplinary analysis. In Advances in consumer research, vol. 5, ed. H.Keith Hunt, 396–402. Provo: Association for Consumer Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clinard, Marshal B. 1983. Corporate ethics and crime: The role of middle management. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, Ted L., and Barbara J. Coe. 1976. Marketing research: The search for professionalism. In Marketing: 1776–1976 and beyond, ed. Kenneth L. Berthardt, 257–259. Chicago: AMA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coney, Kenneth A., and John H. Murphy. 1976. Attitudes of marketers toward ethical and professional marketing research practices. In Proceedings: Southern Marketing Association, ed. Henry W. Nash, Donald P. Robin, 172–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Consoli, John. 1976. Comparative print ads more credible: Kershaw. Editor and Publisher, 14 and 16, May 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crain, Rance. 1983. Ethics: It makes good sense. Advertising Age, 54, M-50, August 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, C.Marie. 1970. Attitudes of marketing executives toward ethics in marketing research. Journal of Marketing 34(April): 46–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, Gary F. 1979. Are purchasing ethics being put to the test? Iron Age, 222, 21–24, September 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagher, S.P., and P.H. Spader. 1980. Poll of top managers stresses education and leadership by example as strong forces for higher standards. Management Review (March): 54–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalrymple, D.J. 1982. Sales management: Concepts and cases. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Rose M. 1979. Comparison of consumer acceptance of rights and responsibilities. In Ethics and the Consumer Interest, ed. Norleen M. Ackerman, American Council of Consumer Interests, 25 Annual Conference Proceedings, 68–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, Robert L. 1975. A comment on ‘ethics in marketing research’. Journal of Marketing Research 12(May): 232–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, Eric. 1979. Utility maximizers and cooperative undertakings. Ethics 90(October): 130–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGeorge, Richard R. 1982. Business ethics, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, William, F.Antony Bushman, and Richard E. Plank. 1980. Personal inducements of industrial buyers. Industrial Marketing Management 9: 281–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, D.F. 1982. The ethical component of marketing: An eighteenth-century view. Journal of Macromarketing 2(Spring): 38–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, T. 1978. Ethics in business schools: A proposal. National Forum 63(3): 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, T. 1985. Multinational decision-making: Reconciling international norms. Journal of Business Ethics 4: 357–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, Thomes, and Patricia H. Werhane. 1983. Ethical issues in business: A philosophical approach, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dornoff, Donald J., and Clint B. Tankersley. 1975a. Perceptual differences in market transactions: A source of consumer frustration. Journal of Consumer Affairs 9: 97–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dornoff, Donald J., and Clint B. Tankersley. 1975b. Do retailers practice corporate responsibility? Journal of Retailing 51(Winter): 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, Alan J., and Thomas N. Ingram. 1984. Correlates of salespeople’s ethical conflict: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Business Ethics 3: 343–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, Alan J., and M. Levy. 1985. Ethics in retailing: Perceptions of retail salespeople. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 13(Winter): 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, Alan J., Eric N. Berkowitz, and William Rudelius. 1980. Ethical problems of field sales personnel. MSU Business Topics 28(Summer): 11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebejer, James M., and Michael J. Morden. 1988. Paternalism in the marketplace: Should a salesman be his buyer’s keeper? Journal of Business Ethics 7: 337–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • England, G.W. 1975. The manager and his values: An international perspective. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erteszek, Jan J. 1975. An interview with Jan Erteszek in Los Angeles. Business and Economics 1(Fall).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ethics Resource Center. 1979. Codes of ethics in corporations and trade associations and the teaching of ethics in graduate business schools. Princeton: Opinion Research Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, Richard N. 1967. Would you want your daughter to marry a marketing man? Journal of Marketing 31(January): 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, Richard N. 1977. Would you want your son to marry a marketing lady? Journal of Marketing 41(January): 15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O.C. 1985. Implementing and monitoring ethics in advertising. In Marketing ethics, ed. G.R. Laczniak and Patric E. Murphy, 26–40. Lexington: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O.C., and Larry G. Gresham. 1985. A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Marketing 49(Summer): 87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O.C., and Mark Weaver. 1978. Ethical beliefs of marketing managers. Journal of Marketing 42(July): 69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O.C., Mary Zey-Ferrell, and Dean Krugman. 1983. A comparison of predictors of ethical and unethical behavior among corporate and agency advertising managers. Journal of Macromarketing 3(Spring): 19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filios, Vassilios P. 1986. Review and analysis of the empirical research in corporate social accounting. Journal of Business Ethics 5: 291–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, Raymond P. 1982. Toward a theoretical framework for marketing ethics. In Southern Marketing Association Proceedings, 255–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzmaurice, T.J., and H. Radolf. 1961. Preventing theft in retail stores. Journal of Retailing 37(Summer): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, Joseph. 1966. Situation ethics: The new morality, 95. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, W.C. 1986. Commentary on Vogel’, in ‘A debate on the future of research in business and society. California Management Review 28: 152–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, Cynthia J., and Thomas C. Kinnear. 1979. Legal constraints and marketing research: A review and call to action. Journal of Marketing Research 16(August): 295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Hershey H., and Linda W. Friedman. 1988. A framework for organizational success. Journal of Business Ethics 8: 219–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, David J. 1985. Ethical issues in multinational marketing. In Marketing ethics: Guidelines for managers, ed. G.R. Laczniak and P.E. Murphy, 85–96. Lexington: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, David J., and Helmut Becker. 1982. Business ethics of future marketing managers. Journal of Marketing Education 4(Fall): 2–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, David J., and Helmut Becker. 1983. Ethical behavior of marketing managers’. Journal of Business Ethics 2: 291–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, David J., and Helmut Becker. 1984. Linking management behavior to ethical philosophy – an empirical investigation. Academy of Management Journal 27(1): 166–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frons, Mark. 1980. The Jeaning of America. Newsweek, 83, 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulmer, Robert M. 1967. Ethical activities of associations. Association Management 19: 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Futrell, C. 1981. Sales management: Behavior, practice and cases. Hinsdale: Dryden Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith, John Kenneth. 1958. The affluent society. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, Thomas. 1966. Business ethics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelb, B.D., and R.H. Brien. 1971. Survival and social responsibility: Themes for marketing education and management. Journal of Marketing 35(April): 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellerman, Saul. 1986. Why good managers make bad ethical choices. Harvard Business Review 64(July–August): 85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Richard J. 1987. Teaching business ethics: Is there a gap between rhetoric and reality. Journal of Business Ethics 6: 513–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerhold, Paul E. 1974. Why we need a profession, and how to get one. Journal of Advertising Research 14(October): 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, John C., and Keith F. Widaman. 1982. Social intelligence: Measuring the development of sociomoral reflection. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, Charles S., and Merle C. Crawford. 1974. Young executives: A source of new ethics? Personnel Journal 53(March): 180–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gossett, William. 1975. Legal counsel as a social adjuster. Harvard Business Review 53(May–June): 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greyser, Steven A., and Bonnie Reece. 1971. Businessmen look hard at advertising. Harvard Business Review 50(May–June).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwinner, Robert F., et al. 1977. Marketing: An environmental perspective, 480–481. St. Paul: West Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagg, Claes. 1984. The OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises: A critical analysis. Journal of Business Ethics 3: 71–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Louis, and Associates. 1966. What Americans really think of business. Newsweek 67 # 18, 84–85, May 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, Robert F. 1976. Marketing fundamentals, 336. New York: Donnelly.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, Del I. 1979. The impact of sponsor identification and direct disclosure on respondent rights on the quantity and quality of mail survey data. Journal of Business 52(4): 577–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, Del I., and A.Benton Cocanougher. 1972. Student evaluations of the ethics of marketing practices: The role of marketing education. Journal of Marketing 36(April): 61–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, S.W., and R.R. Gleissner. 1981. Codes of ethics in state government: A nationwide survey. Public Personnel Management Journal 10(1): 48–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, Harvey W., and Henry P. Sims. 1978. Some determinants of unethical behavior: An experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 63(4): 451–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, Harvey W., and Henry P. Sims. 1979. Organizational philosophy, policies, and objectives related to unethical decision behavior: A laboratory experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 64(3): 331–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, John W. 1977. Corporations – the sitting ducks. Public Relations Quarterly 22(Summer): 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hise, Richard T., and Michael A. McGinnis. 1975. Product elimination: Practice, policies, and ethics. Business Horizons 18(June): 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hite, Robert E., Joseph A. Bellizzi, and Cynthia Fraser. 1988. A content analysis of ethical policy statements regarding marketing activities. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 771–776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Michael W., and Jennifer M. Moore. 1982. Results of business ethics curriculum survey. Journal of Business Ethics 1(2): 81–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander Jr., Sidney. 1974. Ethics in marketing. In Handbook of marketing research, ed. Robert Ferber, 1–127. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, Charles J., and Thomas A. Ulrich. 1979. Personal business ethics: Managers vs. Managers-to-be. Southern Business Review 5: 17–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, Robert, and Delbert Hastings. 1978. The business and society course and its discontents. Working paper, College of Business Administration, University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosmer, L.T. 1985. The other 338: Why a majority of our schools of business administration do not offer a course in business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 4: 17–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosmer, L.T. 1987. The ethics of management. Homewood: Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, C.E. 1979. The promise and perils of business ethics. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, Shelby, and Scott Vitell. 1986. A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing 6: 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, Shelby D., and Lawrence B. Chonko. 1986. Marketing and Machiavellianism. Working paper at Texas Tech University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutzler, Laurie H. 1982. The legal ramifications of information privacy. Administrative Management (September): 36–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izraeli, Dove. 1988. Ethical beliefs and behavior among managers: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 263–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Harold L. 1981. Ethics and the executive. Business Horizons 24(May–June): 53–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Harold L. 1985. Bribery in international markets: Diagnosis, clarification and remedy. Journal of Business Ethics 4: 447–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Thomas M., and Frederick H. Gautschi III. 1988. Willthe ethics of business change? a survey of future executives. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 231–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Donald G., and Helen Troy. 1982. A bibliography of business ethics: 1976–1980. Charlottesville: Colgate Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Virginia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurgen, Robert J. 1976. The business of business ethics. Intellect, 177–178, December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaikati, Jack, and Wayne A. Label. 1980. American bribery legislation: An obstacle to international marketing. Journal of Marketing 44(Fall): 38–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, Immanuel. 1959. Foundations of the metaphysics of morals. Trans. Lewis White. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerlinger, F.N. 1986. Foundations of behavioral research. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, Jeaneen M., Robert E. Stevens, and Art L. Bethke. 1987. Differences in ethical perceptions between male and female managers: Myth or reality? Journal of Business Ethics 6: 487–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnear, Thomas C., and James R. Taylor. 1979. Marketing research: An applied approach, 66–77. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kizilbash, A.H., William O. Hancock, Carlton A. Maile, and Peter Gillet. 1979. Social auditing for marketing managers. Industrial Marketing Management 8: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, Lawrence. 1981. The meaning and measurement of moral development. Worcester: Clark University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konrad, R. 1978. Are business ethics worth studying? Business and Society Review 27(Fall): 54–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krakhardt, David, Sharon McCarthy, and Dick Wittink. 1985. What makes it unethical? Determinants of ethical evaluation in business. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, Otto P. 1977. Ethics programs can help companies set standards of content. Administrative Management 38(January): 46–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreitner, Robert, and William Reif. 1980. Ethical inclinations of tomorrow’s managers: Cause for alarm? Journal of Business Education 56(October): 25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreitner, Robert. 1981. Needed: Formal instruction in business ethics for tomorrow’s managers. Presentation at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, San Diego, August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, Dean M., and D.C. Ferrell. 1981. The organizational ethic of advertising: Corporate and agency views. Journal of Advertising 10(1): 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, Gene R. 1983a. Framework for analysing marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing 1(Spring): 7–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, Gene R. 1983b. Business ethics: A manager’s primer. Business 33: 23–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, Gene R., and Edward J. Inderrieden. 1987. The influence of stated organizational concern upon ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics 6: 297–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, Gene R., and J.G. Udell. 1979. Dimensions of future marketing. MSU Business Topics 27(Fall): 33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, Gene R., Robert F. Lusch, and John H. Murphy. 1979. Social marketing: Its ethical dimension. Journal of Marketing 43(Spring): 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, Gene R., Robert F. Lusch, and William A. Strang. 1981. Ethical marketing: Perceptions of economic goods and social problems. Journal of Macromarketing 1(Spring): 48–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, Henry W., and Donald G. Simpson. 1984. Bribery in international business: Whose problem is It? Journal of’ Business Ethics 3: 35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, Michael S., Dietrich Schaupp, and Barbara Parsons. 1988. Pygmalion effect: An issue for business education and ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 223–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazer, William. 1970. Marketing education: Commitments for the 1970s. Journal of Marketing 35(July): 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Learned, Edmund, Arch Dooley, and Robert Katz. 1959. Personal values and business decisions. Harvard Business Review 37(March–April): 115–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Kam-Hon. 1981. Ethical beliefs in marketing management: A cross cultural study. European Journal of Marketing 15(1): 58–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, Theodore. 1970. The morality of advertising. Harvard Business Review 48(July–August): 84–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, M., and A.J. Dubinsky. 1983. Identifying and addressing retail salespeople’s ethical problems: A method and application. Journal of Retailing 59: 46–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, T. 1983. Business ethics’ new appeal. New York Times, F4, December 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Phillip V. 1985. Defining ‘business ethics’: Like nailing jello to a wall. Journal of Business Ethics 4: 377–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longenecker, Justin G., Joseph A. McKinney, and Carlos W. Moore. 1988. The ethical issue of international bribery: A study of attitudes among U.S. Business professionals. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 341–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Losser, S.V., and R.W. Hasty. 1979. Curriculum choice and student evaluation of business ethics. Paper presented at Southwestern Marketing Association, Texas, Houston, March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusch, Robert F., Gene R. Laczniak, and Patrick E. Murphy. 1980. The ethics of social ideas versus the ethics of marketing social ideas. Journal of Consumer Affairs 14(Summer): 156–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthans, Fred, Rich M. Hodgetts, and Hen R. Thompson. 1987. Social issues in business. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, Norton E., and Richard A. Scott. 1968. Ethics for marketing executives: The educational environment. In Changing marketing systems, ed. Reed Moyer, 379–381. Chicago: AMA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. R. 1981. Do courses in ethics influence the ethical evaluations of students?, Marquette University, Working Paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathison, David L. 1987. Teaching an ethical decision model that skips the philosophers and works for real business students. In Proceedings, National Academy of Management, New Orleans, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathison, David L. 1988. Business ethics cases and decision models: A call for relevancy in the classroom. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 777–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R.R. 1970. Management’s responsibility for purchasing ethics. Journal of Purchasing 4: 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D.C. 1961. The achieving society. Princeton: VanNostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, Thomas. 1975. Report on the teaching of socio-ethical issues in collegiate schools of business. Chicago: Loyola University.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNichols, Charles W., and Thomas W. Zimmerer. 1985. Situational ethics: An empirical study of differentiators of student attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics 4: 175–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meager, Carl. 1950. Principles of economics. Trans. and ed. James Dingwall and Bert F. Hoselitz. Glencoe: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milesko-Pytel, D. 1979. With a dose of morality. American Education 15(1): 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. 1979. A report card on the M.B.A. New York Times, Section 3, p. 4, March 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Mary S., and Edward A. Miller. 1976. It’s too late for ethics courses in business schools. Business and Society Review 17(Spring): 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Thomas. 1982. Industrial espionage at the Harvard B-School. Fortune, 70–72, 76, September 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, Fred. 1981. Bias in research on marketing ethics. In Southeastern Marketing Association 1981 Proceedings, 235–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, Martin R. 1986. A framework for analyzing corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics 5: 69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, Martin R. 1988. Ethical conflict at work: A critique of the literature and recommendations for future research. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 381–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, John H., and Kenneth A. Conney. 1976. Accreditation of marketing researchers. In Marketing: 1776–1976 and beyond, ed. Kenneth L. Bernhardt, 260–265. Chicago: AMA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P.E., and Gene R. Laczniak. 1980. Marketing education: Current status and a view to the 1980. Chicago: AMA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P.E., and Gene R. Laczniak. 1981. Marketing ethics: A review with implications for marketers, educators and researchers. Review of Marketing 251–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P.E., Gene R. Laczniak, and Robert F. Lusch. 1978. Ethical guidelines for business and social marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 6(Summer): 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myrick, Fred L. 1975. Student evaluations of the ethics of marketing practices: The role of marketing education – A replication and extension. In Proceedings: Southern Marketing Association Annual Meeting, Henry W. Nash, and Donald P. Robin, eds., 102–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naor, Jacob. 1982. A new approach to multinational social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics 1: 219–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, Laura L. 1981. Ethics without sermon. Harvard Business Review 59(6): 79–90, November–December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neill, Harry W. 1965. The ethics of American business. In Business in a changing social order, ed. Daniel N. DeLucca, 151–187. Philadelphia: St. Joseph’s College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newstrom, John W., and William A. Ruch. 1975. The ethics of management and the management of ethics. MSU Business Topics 23(Winter): 29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, Donald G., and John B. Gifford. 1988. Retail store managers’ and students’ perceptions of ethical retail practices: A comparative and longitudinal analysis (1976–1986). Journal of Business Ethics 7: 515–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nossiter, Bernard D. 1964. The mythmakers, 85. Boston: HoughtonMifflin Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J.C. 1967. Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohmann, O.A. 1962. Ethical concepts for marketing managers’, talk given at the sixth Conference on Marketing Management, University of Michigan, March 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orpen, Christopher. 1987. The attitudes of United States and South African managers to corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics 6: 89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Packard, Vance. 1957. The hidden persuaders. New York: Pocket Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagano, Anthony M. 1987. Criteria for ethical decision making in managerial situations. In Proceedings, National Academy of Management, New Orleans, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, R.E. 1986. Let’s be bullish on ethics. The New York Times, 23, June 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamental, George L. 1988. A different look at texts. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 531–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, James M. 1966. What are the social and ethical responsibilities of marketing executives? Journal of Marketing 30(July): 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, Steven L. 1980. Organizational ethics and antecedents to social control processes. Academy of Management Review 5: 409–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petit, Thomas A. 1967. The moral crisis in management. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitney-Bowes Inc. 1977. The pressure to compromise personal ethics. Business Week, 107, January 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt, Leyland F., and Russell Abratt. 1986. Corruption in business – are management attitudes right? Journal of Business Ethics 5: 39–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poff, Deborah, and Wilfrid Waluchow. 1987. Business ethics in Canada. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, Barry Z., and Warren H. Schmidt. 1984. Values and the American manager: An update. California Management Review 26(3): 202–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, James E., and Edward Baer. 1978. Demarketing infant formula: Consumer products in the developing world. Journal of Contemporary Business 7(Fall): 13–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter Jr., Ralph B. 1969. War and moral discourse. Richmond: JohnKnox Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, C.W., and D. Vogel. 1980. Ethics in the education of business managers. New York: Institute of Society Ethics and the Life Sciences, The Hastings Center, Hastings on Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, Jyoti N., and C.P. Rao. 1982. Foreign payoffs and international business ethics: Revisited. In Southern Marketing Association Proceedings, 260–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruden, Henry O. 1971. Which ethics for marketers. In Marketing and social issues, ed. John R. Wish and Stephen H. Gamble, 98–104. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, Theodore V. 1977a. Institutionalizing ethics into top management decisions. Public Relations Quarterly 22(Summer): 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, Theodore V. 1977b. Do courses in business ethics pay off? California Management Review 19: 50–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, Theodore V. 1981. Practices, promises and pitfalls of business ethics instruction. Paper presented at the 41st annual meeting of the Academy of Management, San Diego, CA, August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rand, Ayn. 1964. Objective ethics. In The virtue of selfishness: A new concept of egoism, ed. Ayn Rand. New York: New American Library, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawls, John. 1971. A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reidenbach, Eric, and Don Robin. 1986. some initial steps toward improving the measurement of ethical evaluations of marketing activities. Working paper, University of Mississippi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest, James R. 1979. Development in judging moral issues. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, Roger. 1983a. On many ethical issues, executives apply stiffer standard than the public. The Wall Street Journal, November 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, Roger. 1983b. Honesty and ethical standards. The Wall Street Journal, October 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, Roger. 1983c. Executives apply stiffer standards than public to ethical dilemmas. The Wall Street Journal, 27, October 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, Roger. 1983d. Executives and general public say ethical behavior is declining in US. The Wall Street Journal, 25, October 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin, Donald P. 1980. Value issues in marketing. In Theoretical developments in marketing, ed. C.W. Lamb and P.M. Dunne, 142–145. Chicago: AMA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M. 1968. Beliefs, attitudes, and values. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, Harriet. 1987. The kitchen and the multinational corporation: An analysis of the links between the household and global corporations. Journal of Business Ethics 6: 179–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, William D. 1930. The right and the good. Oxford: Clarendon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudelius, William, and Rogene A. Buchholz. 1979. Ethical problems of purchasing managers. Harvard Business Review 57(March–April): 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runes, Dagobert D. 1964. Dictionary of philosophy, 98–100. Patterson: Littlefields, Adams and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, F.A., F.H. Beach, and R.H. Buskirk. 1978. Textbook of salesmanship. New York: McGraw Hill Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabater, Gilbert. 1982. Professional standards committee comes to grips with issues of marketing ethics. Marketing News, 3, September 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saul, George K. 1981. Business ethics: Where are we going? Academy of Management Review 6(2): 269–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Kenneth C. 1977. Subject and respondent abuse in marketing research. MSU Business Topics 25(Spring): 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schollhammer, Hans. 1978. Ethics in international business context. In International business 1979: MSU international business and economic studies, 299–308. East Lansing: Michigan State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W.C., and T.R. Mitchell. 1985. The moral failure of management education. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 35, December 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, Bill. 1988. Foreign corrupt practices act: A legal and moral analysis. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 789–795.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin, Douglas S. 1983. The ethical roots of the business system. Harvard Business Review 61(November–December): 183–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuptrine, F. Kelly. 1979. Evaluating the ethics of marketing practices: Student perceptions. In 1979 educators’ conference proceedings, Neil Beckwith et al., eds. Chicago: AMA, 124–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silk, Leonard, and David Vogel. 1976. Ethics and profits: The crisis of confidence in American business. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, Herbert A. 1976. Administrative behavior. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, John, Charles W. Powers, and Jon P. Gunneman. 1972. The ethical investor: Universities and corporate responsibility. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, James R. 1982. Ethics and multinational corporations vis-a-vis developing nations. Journal of Business Ethics 1: 227–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B.F. 1938. The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton Country-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B.F. 1953. Science and human behavior. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B.F. 1969. Contingencies of reinforcement. New York: Appleton Country-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, James D. 1976. Bribery in selling: The scandal comes home, Sales and Marketing Management, 35–38, May 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, Robert C., and Kristine Hanson. 1985. It’s good business. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnefeld, Jeffrey, and Paul R. Lawrence. 1978. Why do companies succumb to price fixing? Harvard Business Review 58(July–August): 145–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, Barbara A., and John K. Butler Jr. 1987. Measuring the relative importance of social responsibility components: A decision modeling approach. Journal of Business Ethics 6: 573–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stampfl, Ronald W. 1979. Multi-disciplinary foundations for a consumer code of ethics. In Ethics and the consumer interest, ed. Norleen M. Ackerman, 12–19. American Council of Consumer Interests, 25th Annual Conference Proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, W.J., and R.H. Buskirk. 1978. Management of the sales force. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stassen, Glen. 1977. A social theory model for religious social ethics. Journal of Religious Ethics 5(1): 9–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stead, Bette A., and Janice J. Miller. 1988. Can social awareness be increased through business school curricula. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 553–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, John F. 1976. The prospect of ethical advisors for business corporations. Business and Society 16(Spring): 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, George E. 1984. Business ethics and social responsibility: The responses of present and future managers. Akron Business and Economic Review (Fall): 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturdivant, Frederick D. 1968. Better deal for ghetto shoppers. Harvard Business Review 46(March–April): 130–132 and 135–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturdivant, Frederic D., and James L. Ginter. 1977. Corporate social responsiveness: Management attitudes and economic performance. California Management Review 19(Spring): 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturdivant, Frederic D., and A. Benton Cocanougher. 1973. What are ethical marketing practices? Harvard Business Review 51(November–December): 10–12 and 176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, E., and D.R. Cressey. 1970. Principles of criminology. Chicago: J. B. Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarnowieski, Dale. 1973. The changing business ethics, 2. New York: AMACOM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tat, Peter K. 1981. Minority student perceptions of the ethics of marketing practices. In Southern Marketing Association Proceedings, 214–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatham, R.L. 1974. Employee views of theft in retailing. Journal of Retailing 50: 49–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Paul W. 1975. Principles of ethics: An introduction. Encino: Dickerson Publishing Co., Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terpstra, V. 1978. The cultural environment of international business. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Wall Street Journal . 1977. Consumers find firms are paring quantities to avoid price rise, 1+, February 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Wall Street Journal. 1979. Evading an edict: Grumman board finds payoffs continued despite board’s policy, 1, February 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trawick, F., and W.R. Darden. 1980. Marketer’s perceptions of ethical standards in the marketing profession: Educators and practitioners. Review of Business and Economic Research 16(Fall): 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsalikis, John, and Osita Nwachukwu. 1988. Cross-cultural business ethics: Ethical beliefs’ difference between blacks and whites. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 745–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsalikis, John, and Osita Nwacliukwu. 1989. Cross cultural marketing ethics: An investigation on the ethical beliefs’ differences between Greeks and Americans. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1(Spring)# 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tull, D.S., and D.I. Hawkins. 1987. Marketing research. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, Peter. 1979. Children’s television advertising: An ethical morass for business and government. Journal of Advertising 8(Winter): 4–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twedt, D.W. 1963. Why a marketing research code of ethics? Journal of Marketing 27: 48–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tybout, Alice M., and Gerald Zaltman. 1974. Ethics in marketing research: Their practical relevance. Journal of Marketing Research 11(November): 357–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tybout, Alice M., and Gerald Zaltman. 1975. A reply to comments on ‘ethics in marketing research: Their practical relevance’. Journal of Marketing Research 12(May): 234–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasquez, Manuel G. 1982. Business ethics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, Scott J. Jr. 1986. Marketing ethics: Conceptual and empirical foundations of a positive theory of decision making in marketing situations having ethical content. Unpublished dissertation, Texas Tech University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, O.C., G.A. Churchill, and N.M. Ford. 1977. Motivation and performance in industrial selling: Present knowledge and needed research. Journal of Marketing Research 14(May): 156–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, O.C., G.A. Churchill, and N.M. Ford. 1979. Where do we go from here? Selected conceptual and empirical issues concerning the motivation and performance of the industrial salespeople. In Critical issues in sales management: State-of-the-art and future research needs, ed. G. Albaum and G.A. Churchill. Eugene: College of Business Administration, University of Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, C.C. 1979. To break the pentameter – Ethics courses? Implications for business education. Modern values in business and management, Proceedings of the 1979 AACSB Annual Meeting.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, K.Mark, and O.C. Ferrell. 1977. The impact of corporate policy on reported ethical beliefs and behavior of marketing practitioners. American Marketing Association Proceedings 41: 477–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, James. 1981. Institutionalizing ethics into the corporation. MSU Business Topics 29(Spring): 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigand, Robert E. 1980. ‘Buying in’ to market control. Harvard Business Review 58(November–December): 141–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller, Steven. 1988. The effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 389–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westing, J.Howard. 1967. Some thoughts on the nature of ethics in marketing. In Changing marketing systems, ed. Reed Moyer, 161–163. Chicago: AMA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weston, Alan F. 1979. The impact of computers on privacy. Datamation, 190–194, December.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, B.J., and B.R. Montgomery. 1980. Corporate codes of conduct. California Management Review 23(2): 80–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wokutch, Richard E., and Louis Fahey. 1981. Methodological issues in business ethics research. Symposium at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, San Diego, August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, John A., Justin G. Longenecker, Joseph A. McKinney, and Carlos W. Moore. 1988. Ethical attitudes of students and business professionals: A study of moral reasoning. Journal of Business Ethics 7: 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, John S., and John E. Mertes. 1974. Advertising’s role in society, 252–300. St. Paul: West, Part VI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, Shaker A., and Michael S. LaTour. 1987. Corporate social responsibility and organizational effectiveness: A multivariate approach. Journal of Business Ethics 6: 459–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaltman, Gerald, and P.C. Burger. 1975. Marketing research, 614–637. Hinsdale: Dryden Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zey-Ferrell, Mary, and O.C. Ferrell. 1982. Role-set configuration and opportunities as predictors of unethical behavior in organizations. Human Relations 35(7): 587–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zey-Ferrell, Mary, K.Mark Weaver, and O.C. Ferrell. 1979. Predicting unethical behavior among marketing practitioners. Human Relations 32(7): 557–569.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marketing Department, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

    John Tsalikis

  2. School of Business Administration, Marketing Department, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA

    David J. Fritzsche

Authors
  1. John Tsalikis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David J. Fritzsche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John Tsalikis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Faculty of Arts, Brandon University, 18th Street 270, Brandon, R7A 6A9, Manitoba, Canada

    Alex C. Michalos

  2. Office of the President, Brandon University, 18th Street 270, Brandon, R7A 6A9, Manitoba, Canada

    Deborah C. Poff

Appendix A

Appendix A

Sample Questionnaire

Fair

unfair

Just

unjust

culturally acceptable

culturally unacceptable

self promoting

not self promoting

efficient

inefficient

violates an unwritten contract

does not violate an unwritten contract

OK if actions are justified by the result

not OK even if the actions are justified by the results

compromises an important rule by which I live

does not compromise an important rule by which I live

individually acceptable

individually unacceptable

selfish

unselfish

on balance, tend to be good

on balance, tend to be bad

violates my idea of fairness

does not violate my of idea fairness

results in an equal distribution of good and bad

does not result in an equal distribution of good and bad

acceptable to people I most admire admire

not acceptable to people I most

ethical

unethical

duty bound to act this way

not duty bound to act this way

produces the greatest utility

does not produce the greatest utility

traditionally acceptable

traditionally unacceptable

morally right

not morally right

maximizes benefits while minimizing harm

minimizes benefits while maximizing harm

obligated to act this way

not obligated to act this way

leads to the greatest good for the greatest number

does not lead to the greatest good for the greatest number

results in a positive cost-benefit ratio

results in a negative cost-benefit ratio

violates an unspoken promise

does not violate an unspoken promise

maximizes pleasure

minimizes pleasure

self sacrificing

not self sacrificing

acceptable to my family prudent

not acceptable to my family not prudent

under no moral obligation to act otherwise

under a moral obligation to act otherwise

personally satisfying

not personally satisfying

in the best interests of the company

not in the best interests of the company

Overall, how would you rate the actions of would you say they were:

_______ethical

_______unethical

_______proper

_______improper

_______right

_______wrong

_______responsible

_______not responsible

_______moral

_______immoral

_______just

_______unjust

If you were responsible for making the decision that was just described in the scenario, what is the probability you would make the same decision?

highly probable

highly improbable

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tsalikis, J., Fritzsche, D.J. (2013). Business Ethics: A Literature Review with a Focus on Marketing Ethics. In: Michalos, A., Poff, D. (eds) Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics. Advances in Business Ethics Research, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4126-3_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation