Abstract
In modern society, promoting children’s well-being is a major concern for policy makers, educators, and health professionals. Media scholars share this concern and have been examining the influence of media on young people for many decades. Even in today’s multimedia environment, television still plays a significant role in the lives of children and their well-being. Although prevalent factors like time spent watching television may influence children’s well-being, research on media influence also needs to look at the content that is specifically made for children and to which they are attracted. Obviously, children are exposed to a wide variety of television content that is not especially targeted at them. Yet, children’s programming continues to play a pivotal role in their daily lives. In this chapter, we address this issue by reporting the results of a nationwide study, which investigates the state of well-being of television characters by applying a standardized scale to analyze national and international children’s programs broadcast in Canada. Our findings indicate that main characters on children’s television in Canada are predominantly presented as being positive and pleasant. In addition, this study suggests that national media policies may play a significant role in the type of content to which children are exposed.
We would kindly like to thank the Youth Media Alliance (Canada) and Dr. Ferran Casas, University of Girona (Spain) for their assistance with the research for this chapter. This research was generously supported by Bell Media in Canada. Please send correspondence to: André H. Caron, Département de Communication, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal QC, H3C 3 J7, Canada; e-mail: andre.caron@umontreal.ca.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N. M., & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), 81–110.
Australian Communications and Media Authority. (2009). Children’s television standards 2009. Retrieved from http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/aba/contentreg/codes/television/documents/childrens_tv_standards_2009.pdf.
Australian Communications and Media Authority. (2010). FORM ACMA B13: Criteria for a children’s program. Retrieved from http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib100048/form_b13_criteria_for_childrens_program.pdf.
Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth. (2010). Conceptualisation of social and emotional wellbeing for children and young people, and policy implications. Retrieved from http://www.aracy.org.au/cmsdocuments/SEWB%2007_071%20(2).pdf.
Bandura, A. (1969). Social learning theory of identificatory processes. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 213–262). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
Ben-Arieh, A. (2008). The child indicators movement: Past, present, and future. Child Indicator Research, 1(1), 3–16.
Ben-Arieh, A., & Goerge, R. M. (Eds.). (2006). Indicators of children’s well-being: Understanding their role, usage and policy influence. New York: Springer.
Ben-Arieh, A., Kaufman, N. H., Andrews, A. B., Goerge, R. M., Lee, B. J., & Aber, L. J. (Eds.). (2001). Measuring and monitoring children’s well-being. New York: Springer.
Bettelheim, B. (1976). The uses of enchantment: The meaning and importance of fairy tales. New York: Knopf.
Brown, J. D., & Cantor, J. (2000). An agenda for research on youth and the media. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(2 Suppl), 2–7.
Callister, M. A., Robinson, T., & Clark, B. R. (2007). Media portrayals of the family in children’s television programming during the 2005–2006 season in the US. Journal of Children and Media, 1(2), 142–161.
Calvert, S., & Kotler, J. (2003). Lessons from children’s television: The impact of the children’s television act on children’s learning. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(3), 275–335.
Cantor, J. (2002a). Fright reactions to mass media. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 287–306). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cantor, J. (2002b). The media and children’s fears, anxieties, and perceptions of danger. In D. Singer & J. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 207–221). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cantor, J., & Reilly, S. (1982). Adolescents’ fright reactions to television and films. Journal of Communication, 32(1), 87–99.
Caron, A. H. (2011). Les enfants et leurs écrans: La réglementation canadienne de la télévision à Internet. Montréal, Canada: Presses de l'Université de Montréal.
Caron, A. H., & Jolicœur, A. E. (1996). Systemized summary of Canadian regulations concerning children and the audiovisual industry. Montréal: Centre de recherche en droit public, faculté de droit, Université de Montréal.
Caron, A. H., Hwang, J. M., Brummans, B. H. J. M., & Caronia, L. (2010). A national study on children’s television programming in Canada. Montréal: Centre for Youth and Media Studies, Département de communication, Université de Montréal.
Caronia, L., & Caron, A. H. (2008). Television culture and media socialization across countries: Theoretical issues and methodological approaches. In K. Drotner & S. Livingston (Eds.), The international handbook of children, media and culture (pp. 371–390). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication & Society, 4(3), 245–264.
Crawley, A. M., Anderson, D. R., Wilder, A., Williams, M., & Santomero, A. (1999). Effects of repeated exposures to a single episode of the television program Blue’s Clues on the viewing behaviors and comprehension of preschool children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 630–637.
Dates, J. (1980). Race, racial attitudes and adolescent perceptions of black television characters. Journal of Broadcasting, 24(4), 549–560.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31(2), 103–157.
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Measuring psychological wealth: Your well-being balance sheet. In E. Diener & R. Biswas-Diener (Eds.), Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of psychological wealth. Oxford: Blackwell. Chapter 14.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 67–100). New York: Springer.
Eyal, K., & Rubin, A. (2003). Viewer aggression and homophily, identification, and parasocial relationships with television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(1), 77–98.
Frey, L. R., Botan, C. H., & Kreps, G. L. (2000). Investigating communication: An introduction to research methods (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 43–67). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Götz, M., Hofmann, O., Brosius, H.-B., Carter, C., Chan, K., St. Donald, H., Fisherkeller, J., Frenette, M., Kolbjørnsen, T., Lemish, D., Lustyik, K., McMillin, D. C., Walma van der Molen, J. H., Pecora, N., Prinsloo, J., Pestaj, M., Ramos Rivero, P., Mereilles Reis, A.-H., Saeys, F., Scherr, S., & Zhang, H. (2008). Gender in children’s television worldwide: Results from a media analysis in 24 countries. Televizion, 21, 4–9.
Greenberg, B. S., Mastro, D., & Brand, J. E. (2002). Minorities and the mass media: Television into the 21st century. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 333–351). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gutnick, A. L., Robb, M., Takeuchi, L., & Kotler, J. (2010). Always connected: The new digital media habits of young children. New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop.
Harrison, K. (2000). Television viewing, fat stereotyping, body shape standards, and eating disorder symptomatology in grade school children. Communication Research, 27(5), 617–640.
Hoffner, C. (1996). Children’s wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 40(3), 389–402.
Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2005). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: The role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7(4), 325–351.
Hoffner, C., & Cantor, J. (1985). Developmental differences in responses to a television character’s appearance and behavior. Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 1065–1074.
Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanitities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Kunkel, D., Smith, S., Suding, P., & Biely, E. (2006). Informative or not? Media coverage of child social policy issues. In A. Ben-Arieh & R. M. Goerge (Eds.), Indicators of children’s well-being (pp. 173–191). New York: Springer.
Liebert, R. M., & Sprafkin, J. (1988). The early window: Effects of television on children and youth (3rd ed.). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Liebert, R. M., Neale, J. M., & Davidson, E. S. (1973). The early window: Effects of television on children and youth (1st ed.). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Lisosky, J. M. (2001). For all kids’ sakes: Comparing children’s television policy-making in Australia, Canada and the United States. Media, Culture and Society, 23(6), 821–842.
Livingston, S., & Drotner, K. (2008). Editor’s introduction. In K. Drotner & S. Livingston (Eds.), The international handbook of children, media and culture (pp. 1–16). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Moore, K. A., Lippman, L., & Brown, B. (2004). Indicators of child well-being: The promise for positive youth development. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 125–145.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Office of Communications. (2007a). Ofcom research report: The future of children’s programming. Retrieved from http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/kidstv/summary/kidstvresearch.pdf.
Office of Communications. (2007b). Ofcom: The international perspective – The future of children’s programming research report, Online annex. Retrieved from http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/kidstv/annexes/international.pdf.
Office of Communications. (2007c). Ofcom discussion paper: The future of children’s television programming. Retrieved from http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/kidstv/summary/kidstv.pdf.
Reeves, B., & Miller, M. M. (1978). Multidimensional measure of children’s identification with television characters. Journal of Broadcasting, 22(1), 71–86.
Robinson, T. N. (2001). Television viewing and childhood obesity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48(4), 1017–1025.
Signorielli, N. (1990). Children, television, and gender roles: Messages and impact. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 11(1), 50–58.
Silverman, L. T., & Sprafkin, J. N. (1980). The effects of Sesame Street’s prosocial spots on cooperative play between young children. Journal of Broadcasting, 24(2), 135–147.
Strasburger, V. C., Wilson, B. J., & Jordan, A. B. (2009). Children, adolescents, and the media (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756–767.
Surgeon General’s Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior. (1972). Television and growing up: The impact of televised violence. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
The Foundation for Child Development. (2010, June 8). 2010 Child and youth well-being index (CWI). Retrieved from http://www.soc.duke.edu/∼cwi/CWI_Report_2010_Final.pdf.
UNICEF. (2007). Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries, Innocenti Report Card 7. Retrieved from http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc7_eng.pdf.
Wartella, E., & Reeves, B. (1985). Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900–1960. Journal of Communication, 35(2), 118–133.
Wilson, B. J. (2008). Media and children’s aggression, fear, and altruism. The Future of Children, 18(1), 87–118.
Wilson, B., Smith, S. L., Potter, W. J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Colvin, C. M., & Donnerstein, E. (2002). Violence in children’s television programming: Assessing the risks. Journal of Communication, 52(1), 5–35.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this entry
Cite this entry
Caron, A.H., Hwang, J.M. (2014). Analysis of Children's Television Characters and Media Policies. In: Ben-Arieh, A., Casas, F., Frønes, I., Korbin, J. (eds) Handbook of Child Well-Being. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_71
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_71
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9062-1
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9063-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law