Abstract
A basic understanding of the embryologic development of parathyroid glands is essential to successfully detect parathyroids in normal and unusual locations. The parathyroid glands originate from the embryonic pharyngeal region and their development is closely interrelated with that of the thymus and thyroid gland (Fig. 2.1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Mirilas P (2011) Lateral congenital anomalies of the pharyngeal apparatus: part I. Normal developmental anatomy (embryogenesis) for the surgeon. Am Surg 77:1230–1242
Graham A, Richardson J (2012) Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus. EvoDevo 3:24. http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/3/1/24
Grevellec A, Tucker AS (2010) The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Semin Cell Dev Biol 21:325–332
Henry J-F, Denizot A (1991) Bases anatomiques et embryologiques de l’hyperparathyroïdisme primaire. In: Barbier J, Henry J-F (eds) L’hyperparathyroïdisme primaire. Springer-Verlag France, Paris, pp 5-14
Agarwal A, Mishra AK, Lombardi CP, Raffaelli M (2013) Applied embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In: Randolph GW (ed) Surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, 2nd edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 15-24
Herrera MF, Gamboa-Dominguez A (2005) Parathyroid embryology, anatomy, and pathol ogy. In: Clark OH, Duh Q-Y, Kebebew E (eds) Textbook of endocrine surgery, 2nd edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 365-371
Henry J-F (2005) Surgical anatomy and embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and recurrent and external laryngeal nerves. In: Clark OH, Duh Q-Y, Kebebew E (eds) Textbook of endocrine surgery, 2nd edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 9-15
Wang C-A (1976) The anatomic basis of parathyroid surgery. Ann Surg 183:271–275
Delattre JF, Flament JB, Palot JP, Pluot M (1982) Les variations des parathyroïdes. Nombre, situation et vascularisation artérielle. Étude anatomique et applications chirurgicales. J Chir (Paris) 119:633–641
Åkerström G, Malmaeus J, Bergström R (1984) Surgical anatomy of human parathyroid glands. Surgery 95:14–21
Hojaij F, Vanderlei F, Plopper C et al (2011) Parathyroid gland anatomical distribution and relation to anthropometric and demographic parameters: a cadaveric study. Anat Sci Int 86:204–212
Lappas D, Noussios G, Anagnostis P et al (2012) Location, number and morphology of parathyroid glands: results from a large anatomical series. Anat Sci Int 87:160–164
Pattou FN, Pellissier LC, Noël C et al (2000) Supernumerary parathyroid glands: frequency and surgical significance in treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 24:1330–1334
Aly A, Douglas M (2003) Embryonic parathyroid rests occur commonly and have implications in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism. ANZ J Surg 73:284–288
Fancy T, Gallagher D, Hornig JD (2010) Surgical anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 43:221–227
Nobori M, Saiki S, Tanaka N et al (1994) Blood supply of the parathyroid gland from the superior thyroid artery. Surgery 115:417–423
Abboud B (1996) Anatomie topographique et vascularisation artérielle des parathyroïdes. Presse Med 25:1156–1161
Thompson NW, Eckhauser FE, Harness JK (1982) The anatomy of primary hyperparathy-roidism. Surgery 92:814–821
Fukumoto A, Nonaka M, Kamio T et al (2002) A case of ectopic parathyroid gland hyperplasia in the pyriform sinus. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128:71–74
Chan TJ, Libutti SK, McCart JA et al (2003) Persistent primary hyperparathyroidism caused by adenomas identified in pharyngeal or adjacent structures. World J Surg 27:675–679
Arnault V, Beaulieu A, Lifante J-C et al (2010) Multicenter study of 19 aortopulmonary window parathyroid tumors: the challenge of embryologic origin. World J Surg 34:2211–2216
Thompson NW (1986) Surgical anatomy of hyperparathyroidism. In: Rothmund M, Wells SA Jr (eds) Parathyroid surgery (Progress in surgery, Vo l 18). Karger, Basel, pp 59-79
Fraker DL, Doppman JL, Shawker TH et al (1990) Undescended parathyroid adenoma: an important etiology for failed operations for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 14:342–348
Gray SW, Skandalakis JE, Akin JT Jr (1976) Embryological considerations of thyroid surgery: developmental anatomy of the thyroid, parathyroids and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Am Surg 42:621–628
Wheeler MH, Williams ED, Wade JS (1987) The hyperfunctioning intrathyroidal parathyroid gland: a potential pitfall in parathyroid surgery. World J Surg 11:110–114
Proye C, Bizard JP, Carnaille B, Quiévreux JL (1994) Hyperparathyroïdie et parathyroïde intrathyroïdienne: 43 observations. Ann Chir 48:501–506
Bahar G, Feinmesser R, Joshua B-Z et al (2006) Hyperfunctionning intrathyroid parathyroid gland: a potential cause of failure in parathyroidectomy. Surgery 139:821–826
Mohebati A, Shaha AR. (2012) Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands and neurovascular relations. Clin Anat 25:19–31
Goodman A, Politz D, Lopez J, Norman J (2011) Intrathyroid parathyroid adenoma: incidence and location. The case against thyroid lobectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 144:867–871
Udekwu AO, Kaplan EL, Wu TC, Arganini M (1987) Ectopic parathyroid adenoma of the lateral triangle of the neck: report of two cases. Surgery 101:114–118
Raffaelli M, Defechereux T, Lubrano D et al (2000) L’ectopie parathyroïdienne intravagale. Ann Chir 125:961–964
Pawlik TM, Richards M, Giordano TJ et al (2001) Identification and management of intravagal parathyroid adenoma. World J Surg 25:419–423
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Palestini, N. (2016). Surgical Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands. In: Gasparri, G., Palestini, N., Camandona, M. (eds) Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism. Updates in Surgery. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5758-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5758-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5757-9
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5758-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)