Abstract
The geobotanical method of phytosociology shows limitations in the landscape analysis and evaluation, for instance due to the exclusion of human vegetation, to the successional linear dynamics, to a concept of community as non-systemic ecological space, etc. Therefore, a new methodology is needed: the LaBiSV or Landscape Bionomics Survey of Vegetation (Ingegnoli, Landscape Ecology: A Widening Foundation; Springer, 2002; Ingegnoli and Giglio, Ecologia del Paesaggio: manuale per conservare, gestire e pianificare l’ambiente; Sistemi editoriali SE, 2005, Ingegnoli and Pignatti, Rendiconti Lincei Scienze Fisiche e Naturali; XVIII:89–122, 2007).
It is referred to the concepts of ecocoenotope, ecotissue and their main ecological parameters, expressed in a model available to link the biological territorial capacity of vegetation (BTC) with the development of the main types of phytocoenosis. These parameters are exposed in four groups: (T) landscape element characters, (F) plant biomass volume, (E) ecocoenotope parameters, (U) landscape influence on the surveyed element. The model is formed by an exponential curve becoming a logarithmic one after a maturity threshold. Through parametric standard forms expressed per each vegetation type, it is possible to make a survey on a given tessera. These standard forms present four columns correlated with the cited model (not-linear scores) receiving the results of the surveyed parameters, which sum to give the bionomic quality (as % of the maximum) and allow the use of the estimation equations of BTC.
The standard form presented concerns: Sclerophyllous Forest, Temperate Forest, Boreal alpine Forest, Mediterranean pine Forest, Corridors with trees, Urban Parks and Gardens, Wooden Agrarian, Tall Shrubs, Low Shrubs, Reed thicket, Agricultural Fields, Prairie and Pasture. The 28 parameters linked with the forest surveys are exposed in detail in this chapter.
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Notes
- 1.
Note that the concept of ‘optimal’ state concerns the maximum degree of quality and health reachable by the type of vegetation of the examined tessera, regarded as a complex system related to its LU.
- 2.
Note that, because of the high complexity of the ecological system of vegetation and its context, it is impossible to survey the vegetation following the main scientific paradigms concerning living systems and their self-organization and metastability, without building an appropriate model.
- 3.
As Piussi reported [19]: “… the plants grown in an isolated state have a different behaviour from that of plants grown in the wood in contact between them. In the first the branches remain alive even in the lower part, often up to the foot of the plant, and increase greatly in length and diameter. In the second lower branches dry out more or less rapidly and the development side of the canopy is hindered …”.
- 4.
In case of mixed forests of two different types quite equal in dominance, like a Boreal coniferous and Temperate broadleaves forest (Table 5.2), or a Mediterranean Pine and Sclerophyllous forest, when filling in the standard form, use a reasonable average between the two rows F3. In doubt, choose a worse value column.
- 5.
For all the detailed information on the scientific functioning and utilisation of the relaskop refers to [20] or to www.relaskop.at
- 6.
The complete floristic list must be caught through a floristic survey/phytosociological relevees for each relascope station (n) plus others (n + 1) in the paths linking them. The calculation of species frequency must be derived by these data.
- 7.
Tallophyte and bryophytes, epiphytes (including parasitic), lianas, ferns, graminoids (i.e. species with behaviour similar to that of Poaceae), other herbaceous (herbaceous species not graminoids, including hemicryptophytes and geophytes), reeds, shrubs washer (with the leaves at ground level, often succulent), or semi-shrubs (camephyitae, renewals, seedlings and seedlings of woody species), succulents (perennials with or without woody skeleton), krummholz (twisted shrubs, with one or more barrels less than one metre in height—except for the main stem—prostrate, branched, e.g. mountain pine in the pine woods), arborescent shrubs (with one or more drums height of more than one metre, but the form of indeterminate growth), ‘trees tuft’ (tree ferns and similar, but with a trunk without bark and with the leaves arranged in a tuft at the top), trees (or even young samplings).
- 8.
A previous explication, in Italian language, can be found in [13].
- 9.
An example referred to table 5.13 give this result: Ysurv = (h × 1) + (j × 5) + (k × 14) + (w × 25) = 0+5+(8 × 14) + (19 × 25) = 592. In case of mixed forests of two different types quite equal in dominance, like a coniferous and broadleaves forest, use a maths average between the two values of each score, that is for example (25 + 22)/2 = 23.5 and so (w × 23.5).
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Ingegnoli, V. (2015). Landscape Bionomic Analysis of Vegetation. In: Landscape Bionomics Biological-Integrated Landscape Ecology. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5226-0_5
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