Abstract
Environmental problems at its roots are behavioural in nature. Researchers have become increasingly aware that individual behaviour can ameliorate or exacerbate environmental problems. This chapter explores the intricate interrelationships between humans and their environments. It investigates the impact of environment on human behaviour and also the impact of human behaviour on the environment. An attempt is made to identify the correlates of environmentally responsible behaviour. The chapter also focuses on the way in which people think about environmental issues, their concern for environmental problems and the relationship between environmental attitude and pro-environmental behaviour. Against this backdrop, the chapter enumerates policy implications of research carried out by psychologists and also discusses the gaps in research that need to be filled up for giving direction to social policy in this area.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aitken, C. K., Mcmahon, T. A., Wearing, A. J., & Finlayson, B. L. (1994). Residential water use: Predicting and reducing consumption. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 136–158.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888–918.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Allen, J. B., & Ferrand, J. L. (1999). Environmental locus of control, sympathy, and pro-environmental behavior: A test of Geller’s actively caring hypothesis. Environment and Behavior, 31, 338–353.
Asthana, H. S., & Jain, U. (1986). Alienation in Bhopal MIC gas victims. New Delhi: Paper presented at the XI World Congress of Sociology.
Baldassare, M., & Katz, C. (1992). The personal threat of environmental problems as predictor of environmental practices. Environment and Behavior, 24, 602–616.
Baron, R. A., Byrne, D., & Griffit, W. (1974). Social psychology: Understanding human interactions. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Barron, G., & Erev, I. (2003). Feedback-based decisions and their limited correspondence to description-based decisions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16, 215–233.
Batra, A., Muhar, I. S., & Bhatia, P. (1990). Environmental noise and mental work. Indian Journal of Psychology, 65, 45–52.
Baum, A. (1993). Implications of psychological research on stress and technical accidents. American Psychologists, 48, 665–672.
Bocking, S. (1994). Visions of nature and society: A history of the ecosystem concept. Postmoderns, 20(3), 12–18.
Borgida, E., & Campbell, B. (1982). Belief relevance and attitude-behavior consistency: The moderating role of personal experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 239–247.
Canter, D., & Craik, K. H. (1981). Environmental psychology. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1, 1–11.
Census of India. (2001). Series 1. Government of India.
Chan, K. (1998). Mass communication and pro-environmental behavior: Waste recycling in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Management, 52, 317–325.
Cohen, A. (1969). Effects of noise on psychological state. In W. Ward & J. Fricke (Eds.), Noise as a public health hazard. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Cohen, S., & Spacapan, S. (1984). The social psychology of noise. In D. M. Jones & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Noise and society (pp. 221–245). New York: Wiley.
Cohen, S., & Weinstein, N. (1971). Non auditory effects of noise on behavior and health. In G. Evans (Ed.), Environmental stress (pp. 45–74). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, S., Glass, D. C., & Phillips, S. (1977). Environment and health. In H. E. Freeman, S. Levine, & L. G. Reeder (Eds.), Handbook of medical sociology. Prentice Hall, NJ: Englewood Cliffs.
Conn, S. (1998). Living in the earth: Ecopsychology, health and psychotherapy. The Humanistic Psychologist, 26, 179–198.
Cottrell, S. P. (2003). Influence of socio-demographic and environmental attitudes of general responsible environmental behavior among recreational boaters. Environment and Behavior, 35, 347–375.
Daneshvary, N., Daneshvary, R., & Schwer, R. K. (1998). Solid-waste recycling behavior and support for curbside textile recycling. Environment and Behavior, 30, 144–161.
Dunlap, R., & Van Liere, K. (1978). A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results: The new environmental paradigm. Journal of Environmental Education, 9, 10–19.
Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K., Mertig, A., & Jones, R. E. (2000). Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 425–442.
Economic Survey of India. (2007–2008). Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
Evans, G. W., Palsane, M. N., Lepore, S. J., & Martin, J. (1989). Residential density and psychological health: The mediating effects of social support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 994–999.
Ewing, G., & Sarigöllü, E. (2000). Assessing consumer preferences for clean-fuel vehicles: A discrete choice experiment. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 19(1), 106–118.
Fazio, R. H., & Zanna, M. P. (1981). Direct experience and attitude-behavior consistency. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (p. 14). New York: Academic.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1974). Attitudes toward objects as predictors of single and multiple behavioral criteria. Psychological Review, 8(1), 59–74.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fransson, N., & Gärling, T. (1999). Environmental concern: Conceptual definitions, measurement methods, and research findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 369–382.
Galle, O., Gove, W., & McPherson, J. (1972). Population density and pathology: What are the relationships for man? Science, 176, 23–30.
Gardner, G. T., & Stern, P. C. (1996). Environmental problems and human behavior. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Glorig, A. (1971). Non auditory effects of noise exposure. Sound and Vibration, 5, 28–29.
Goto, T., Wilson, J. P., Kahana, B., & Slane, S. (2002). PTSD, depression and help seeking behavior patterns following the Miyake island volcanic eruption. International Journal of Emerging Mental Health, 4(3), 157–171.
Goyal, S. K., Ghatge, S. V., Nema, P., & Tamhane, S. M. (2005). Understanding urban vehicular pollution problem vis-à -vis ambient air quality-Case study of a megacity (Delhi). Environment Monitoring and Assessment, 119, 557–569.
Hays, S. (1987). Beauty, health and permanence: Environmental politics in the United States, 1955–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heberlein, T. A., & Black, J. S. (1976). Attitudinal specificity and the prediction of behavior in a field setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(4), 474–479.
Hockey, R. (1979). Stress and the cognitive components of skill performance. In V. Hamilton & D. Warburton (Eds.), Human stress and cognition (pp. 141–177). New York: Wiley.
Hopper, J. R., & Nielsen, J. M. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behavior: Normative and behavioral strategies to explain participation in a community recycling program. Environment and Behavior, 23, 195–220.
Howard, G. S. (1997). Ecological psychology: Creating a more earth-friendly human nature. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), 8–12.
Hygge, S., Evans, G. W., & Bullinger, M. (2002). A prospective study of some effects of aircraft noise on cognitive performance in school children. Psychological Science, 13, 469–474.
Ignatow, G. (2006). Cultural models of nature and society: Reconsidering environmental attitudes and concern. Environment and Behavior, 38, 441–461.
Jain, U. (1987). The psychological consequences of crowding. New Delhi: Sage.
Jain, U. (1991). The experience of crowding and its psychological consequences. New Delhi: Project Report, ICSSR.
Jain, U., & Palsane, M.N. (2004). Environment and behavior. In J. Pandey (Ed.), Psychology in India revisited: Developments in the discipline (vol. 3, pp. 261–308). Delhi: Sage.
Kallgren, C. A., & Wood, W. (1986). Access to attitude-relevant information in memory as a determinant of attitude-behavior consistency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 328–338.
Kals, E., & Maes, J. (2004). Sustainable development and emotions. In P. Schmuck & W. P. Schultz (Eds.), Psychology of sustainable development (pp. 97–122). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior, 31, 178–202.
Kaplan, S. (2000). Human nature and environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 491–508.
Katzev, R., Blake, G., & Messer, B. (1993). Determinants of participation in multi-family recycling programs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(5), 375–385.
Kellell, J., & Sparks, D. (2012). Disaster reduction: Spending where it could count. Workstream: Global trends.
Kempton, W., Boster, J., & Hartley, J. (1995). Environmental values in American culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kempton, W., Darley, J. M., & Stern, P. C. (1992). Psychological research for the new energy problems: Strategies and opportunities. American Psychologist, 47(10), 1213–1223.
Kjellberg, A. (1990). Subjective, behavioral and psychophysiological effects of noise. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 16, 29–38.
Kluckhohn, F. R. (1953). Dominant and variant value orientations. In C. Kluckhohn, H. A. Murray, & D. M. Schneider (Eds.), Personality in nature, society and culture. New York: Knopf.
Kolaitis, G., Kotsopoulos, J., Tsiantis, J., Haritaki, S., Rigizou, F., Zacharaki, L., et al. (2003). Posttraumatic stress reactions among children following the Athens earthquake of Sep 1999. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(6), 273–280.
Kortenkamp, K. V., & Moore, C. F. (2001). Ecocentrism and anthropocentrism: Moral reasoning about ecological commons dilemmas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 261–272.
Kovel, J. (2003). The enemy of nature: The end of capitalism or the end of the world?. New Delhi: Tulika books.
Lai, T. J., Chang, C. M., Connor, K. M., Lee, L. C., & Davidson, J. R. (2004). Full and partial PTSD among earthquake survivors in rural Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(3), 313–322.
Lepore, S. J., Evans, G. W., & Palsane, M. N. (1991). Social hassles and psychological health in the context of chronic crowding. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 357–367.
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper & Row.
Lowe, P., & Morrison, D. (1984). Bad news or good news: Environmental politics and the mass media. American Sociological Review, 32, 75–90.
Mainieri, T., Barnett, E. G., Valdero, T. R., Unipan, J. B., & Oskamp, S. (1997). Green buying: The influence of environmental concern on consumer behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(2), 189–204.
Maloney, M. P., & Ward, M. P. (1973). Ecology: Let’s hear from the people: An objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologists, 28(7), 583–586.
Mariam, T., & Charumathi, P. J. (2005). Prevalence of PTSD, depression and anxiety among tsunami affected victims of Chennai. Paper presented at the National Seminar on Psychological and Global Context. Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India.
McCaughey, B. G. (1984). U.S. Naval disaster: The psychological symptomatology. U.S. naval Research Center Report, 84(2), 8.
Milfont, T. L., Coelho JĂşnior, L. L., Gouveia, V. V., & Coelho, J. A. P. M. (2003, August). Human values: Their correlation with environmental attitudes and behaviors. Paper presented at the 5th Biennial Meeting of the Division of Environmental Psychology of the German Psychological Association, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
Miller, J. D. (1974). Effects of noise on people. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56, 729–764.
Milton, K. (2002). Loving nature: Towards an ecology of emotion. London: Routledge.
Misra, G. (1992). A longitudinal study of psycho-social competence in children of MIC exposed areas of Bhopal. New Delhi: Project Report NIPCCD.
Mitra, S. K. (Ed.). (1972). A survey of research in psychology. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
Naess, A. (1973). The shallow and the deep ecology movements. Inquiry, 16, 95–100.
Nagar, D., & Pandey, J. (1987). Affect and performance on cognitive task as a function of crowding and noise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 147–157.
Nagar, D., & Paulus, P. B. (1997). Residential crowding experience scale: Assessment and validation. Community and Applied Social psychology, 7, 303–319.
Norris, F. H., Murphy, A. D., Baker, C. K., & Perilla, J. L. (2004). Post disaster PTSD over four waves of a panel study of Mexico’s 1999 flood. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 17(4), 283–292.
Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 117–154.
Oskamp, S. (2004). Summarizing sustainability issues and research approaches. In P. Schmuck & W. P. Schultz (Eds.), Psychology of sustainable development (pp. 301–324). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
Oskamp, S., Harrington, M. J., Edwards, T. C., Sherwood, D. L., Okuda, S. M., & Swanson, D. C. (1991). Factors influencing household recycling behavior. Environment and Behavior, 23, 494–519.
Pandey, J. (1990). The environment, culture and behavior. In R. W. Brislin (Ed.), Applied cross-cultural psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pandey, J. (Ed.). (2004). Psychology in India revisited: Developments in the discipline (Vol. 1–3). Delhi: Sage.
Pandey, J. & Nagar, D. (1988). Residential crowding in India: Its social psychological consequences. Paper presented at the 24th International Congress of Psychology, Sydney, Australia.
Pandey, J., Siddiqui, R. N., Udas, A. K., & Ruback, R. B. (2009). Residents’ reaction to environmental stressors in Kathmandu: A comparison of the inner city versus the outskirts. Psychological Studies, 54, 1–11.
Pareek, U. (Ed.). (1981). A survey of research in psychology 1971–1976. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
Pooley, J. A., & O’Connor, M. (2000). Environmental education and attitudes: Emotions and beliefs are what is needed. Environment and Behavior, 32, 711–723.
Proshansky, H., Ittelson, W., & Rivlin, L. (Eds.). (1970). Environmental psychology: Man and his physical setting. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Raja, S., & Ganguli, T. (1983). Impact of exposure to noise on the hearing acuity of employee in a heavy engineering industry. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 78, 100–113.
Roberts, J. A. (1996). Green consumers in the 1990s: Profile and implications for advertising. Journal of Business Research, 36, 217–231.
Rohrschneider, R. (1990). The roots of public opinion toward new social movements: An empirical test of competing explanations. American Journal of Political Science, 34, 1–30.
Rottenstreich, Y., & Hsee, C. K. (2001). Money, kisses and electric shocks: On the affective psychology of probability weighting. Psychological Science, 12, 185–190.
Ruback, R. B., & Pandey, J. (1991). Crowding, perceived control and relative power: An analysis of households in India. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 345–374.
Ruback, R. B., & Pandey, J. (2002). Mental distress and physical symptoms in the slums of New Delhi: The role of individual, household and neighborhood factors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1–27.
Salcioglu, E., Basoglu, M., & Livanou, M. (2003). Long-term psychological outcome for non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(3), 154–160.
Sarigollu, E. (2009). A cross country exploration of environmental attitudes. Environment and Behavior, 41, 365–386.
Schahn, J., & Holzer, E. (1990). Studies of environmental concern: The role of knowledge, gender and background variables. Environment and Behavior, 22, 767–786.
Schlager, N. (1994). When technology fails. Detroit: Gale.
Schultz, P. W. (2000). Empathizing with nature: The effects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 391–406.
Schmuck, P., & Schultz, W. P. (2002). Psychology of sustainable development. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J. J., & Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 31–42.
Schultz, P. W., & Zelezny, L. C. (1999). Values as predictors of environmental attitudes: Evidence for consistency across 14 countries. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 255–265.
Schultz, P. W., & Zelezny, L. C. (1998). Values and pro-environmental behavior: A five-country survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 540–558.
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). New York: Academic.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). New York: Academic.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19–45.
Segun, C., Pelletier, L. G., & Hunsley, J. (1998). Toward a model of environmental activism. Environment and Behavior, 30, 628–652.
Selman, P. (1996). Local sustainability: Planning and managing ecologically sound places. London: Paul Chapman.
Selman, P., & Parker, J. (1997). Citizenship, civicness and social capital in local agenda 21. Local Environment, 2, 171–184.
Siddiqui, R. (2005). Response to recurring flood hazards: Appraisal and coping strategies. Allahabad: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Allahabad.
Siddiqui, R. N. (1997). Effect of economic and environmental stressors on health. Allahabd: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Allahabad.
Slovic, P. (1992). Perception of risk: Reflections on the psychometric paradigm. In S. Krimsky & D. Golding (Eds.), Social theories of risk (pp. 117–152). New York: Praeger.
Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1979). Rating the risks. Environment, 21(14–20), 36–39.
Stokols, D., & Altman, I. (1987). Handbook of environmental psychology (Vol. 1 & 2). New York: Wiley.
Smith, V. K., Desvousges, W. H., & Payne, J. W. (1995). Do risk information programs promote mitigating behavior? Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 103, 203–221.
Snyder, M., & Kendzierski, D. (1982). Acting on one’s attitudes: Procedures for linking attitudes and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(1), 165–183.
Srivastava, A. K., & Dwivedi, C. B. (1990). Effects of noise and international incidental processing retention. Perspectives in Psychological Research, 13, 1–7.
State of Environment Report India. (2009). Ministry of environment and forest, Government of India.
Steel, B. S. (1996). Thinking globally, acting locally? Environmental attitudes, behavior and activism. Journal of Environmental Management, 47, 27–36.
Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 407–424.
Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 65–84.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Kalof, L., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). Values, beliefs, and pro-environmental action: Attitude formation toward emergent attitude objects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1611–1636.
Stokols, D. (1972). A social psychological model of human crowding phenomena. Journal of the American Institutes of Planners, 38, 72–84.
Timmons, H., & Vyawahare, (2012). India’s air the world’s unhealthiest. The New York Times: India Ink.
Tripathi, H. G. (1990). Cognitive, affective consequences of crowding stress. Bhopal: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Barkatullah University.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207–232.
Udas, A. K. (1999). Perceived intensity of environmental stressors and its impact on health. Allahabad: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Allahabad.
Verma, P. S., & Agarwal, V. K. (1994). Cell biology, genetics, evolution and ecology. New Delhi: Chand & Company Ltd.
Vining, J. (1987). Environmental decisions: The interaction of emotions, information, and decision context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 7, 13–30.
Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. (1990). What makes a recycler? A comparison of recyclers and non recyclers. Environment and Behavior, 22, 55–73.
Weber, E. U. (2001). Risk: Empirical studies on decision and choice. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 13347–13351). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Limited.
Weber, E. U., Sharoni, S., & Blais, A. R. (2001). Predicting risk-sensitivity in humans and lower animals: Risk as variance or coefficient of variation. Psychological Review, 111, 430–445.
Werner, C. M., & Makela, A. (1998). Motivations and behaviours that support recycling. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18, 373–386.
Winter, D. D. (2000). Some big ideas for some big problems. American Psychologist, 55, 516–522.
Winter, D., & Koger, S. (2004). Psychology of environmental problems (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
World Health Organisation. (2011). Indoor air pollution and health. Retrieved on November 13, 2012, from www.who.int/mediacentre/fs292/index.html.
Zlutnick, S., & Altman, I. (1972). Crowding and human behavior. In J. F. Wohlwill & D. H. Carson (Eds.), Environment and the social sciences (pp. 44–60). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Siddiqui, R.N. (2014). The Environment–Behaviour Link: Challenges for Policy Makers. In: Tripathi, R., Sinha, Y. (eds) Psychology, Development and Social Policy in India. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1003-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1003-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-1002-3
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-1003-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)