Abstract
To begin with, cities are treated as the symbol of civilization and the producer of environmental burdens. The controversy over the views on cities has been a problem for a long time: Are cities a symbol of civilization or a burden on the global environment? Before we start to investigate this, we need to clarify what a city is. However, there are many definitions of a city in different academic fields such as remote sensing science, sociology, and economics. Next, it is also a crucial issue how we should define and capture cities and their spatial boundaries. One of the methods of specifying the boundaries of cities is provided, and 18 megacities in the world are specified. Finally, it is significant to consider that cities cannot become independent of other areas. Cities are essentially unsustainable. Considering the impact of human activities in megacities on the global environment, we need to consider three issues: our tendency to put too much weight on socioeconomic prosperity, lack of long-term vision, and externality and resilience. Relevant holistic views need to be appropriately developed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bagan, H., & Yamagata, Y. (2012). Landsat analysis of urban growth: How Tokyo became the world’s largest megacity during the last 40 years. Remote Sensing of Environment, 127, 210–222.
Baumgärtner, S., & Quaas, M. (2010). What is sustainability economics? Ecological Economics, 69(3), 445–450.
Bithas, K. P., & Christofakis, M. (2006). Environmentally sustainable cities. Critical review and operational conditions. Sustainable Development, 14(3), 177–189.
Bosker, M., Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., & Schramm, M. (2008). A century of shocks: The evolution of the German city size distribution 1925–1999. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 38, 330–347.
Camagni, R., Capello, R., & Nijkamp, P. (1998). Towards sustainable city policy: An economy–environment technology nexus. Ecological Economics, 24, 103–118.
D’Alessio, S. J., & Stolzenberg, L. (2010). Do cities influence co-offending? Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 711–719.
Daily, G. C., & Ehrlich, P. R. (1992). Population, sustainability, and Earth’s carrying capacity. Bioscience, 42(10), 761–771.
Dodman, D. (2009). Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories. Environment and Urbanization, 21(1), 185–201.
Ferreira, J. A., Condessa, B., Castro e Almeida, J., & Pinto, P. (2010). Urban settlements delimitation in low-density areas—An application to the municipality of Tomar (Portugal). Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(3), 156–167.
Florida, R. (2009). Who’s your city?: How the creative economy is making where to live the most important decision of your life. New York: Basic Books.
Florida, R., Gulden, T., & Mellander, C. (2008). The rise of the mega-region. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 1(3), 459–476.
Fujita, H. (2006). Historical sociology of city and the epistemological structure of urban sociology. Journal of Social Science, 57(3), 117–135. (written in Japanese).
Gasparatos, A., El-Haram, M., & Horner, M. (2008). A critical review of reductionist approaches for assessing the progress towards sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 28(4–5), 286–311.
Gianola, D. (2020). City and democracy in Max Weber. In Topoi (pp. 1–15).
Gibbons, S., & Silva, O. (2008). Urban density and pupil attainment. Journal of Urban Economics, 63(2), 631–650.
Giddens, A. (2001). Sociology (4th ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd..
Giri, C., Pengra, B., Long, J., & Loveland, T. R. (2013). Next generation of global land cover characterization, mapping, and monitoring. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 25, 30–37.
Graymore, M. L., Sipe, N. G., & Rickson, R. E. (2010). Sustaining human carrying capacity: A tool for regional sustainability assessment. Ecological Economics, 69(3), 459–468.
Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319(5864), 756–760.
IEA (International Energy Agency). (2008). World energy outlook 2008. IEA.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2014). In Core Writing Team, R. K. Pachauri, & L. A. Meyer (Eds.), Climate change 2014: Synthesis report, contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva: IPCC.
Levin, N., & Duke, Y. (2012). High spatial resolution night-time light images for demographic and socio-economic studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, 119, 1–10.
Marcotullio, P. J., & Solecki, W. (2013). What is a city? An essential definition for sustainability. In C. G. Boone & M. Fragkias (Eds.), Urbanization and sustainability: Linking urban ecology, environmental justice and global environmental change. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media.
Martínez-Zarzoso, I., & Maruotti, A. (2011). The impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions: Evidence from developing countries. Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1344–1353.
Mayer, A. L. (2008). Strengths and weaknesses of common sustainability indices for multidimensional systems. Environment International, 34(2), 277–291.
McIntyre, N. E., Knowles-Yanez, K., & Hope, D. (2008). Urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field: Differences in the use of “urban” between the social and natural sciences. In J. M. Marzluff et al. (Eds.), Urban ecology (pp. 49–65). Boston, MA: Springer.
MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Management). (2005). Ecosystems and human wellbeing: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Meadows, D., & Randers, J. (2012). The limits to growth: The 30-year update. Abingdon: Routledge.
Munda, G. (2006). Social multi-criteria evaluation for urban sustainability policies. Land Use Policy, 23(1), 86–94.
ORNL. (2016). LandScan global population database. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Cited 2016 May 19]. Retrieved from http://web.ornl.gov/sci/landscan/.
Ottaviano, G., & Thisse, J. F. (2004). Agglomeration and economic geography. In Handbook of regional and urban economics (Vol. 4, pp. 2563–2608). Elsevier.
Poole, R. (2008). Earthrise: How man first saw the earth. London: Yale University Press.
Potere, D., Schneider, A., Angel, S., & Civco, D. L. (2009). Mapping urban areas on a global scale: Which of the eight maps now available is more accurate? International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(24), 6531–6558.
Redfearn, C. L. (2009). Persistence in urban form: The long-run durability of employment centers in metropolitan areas. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(2), 224–232.
Rees, W. E. (2001). The conundrum of urban sustainability. In D. Devuyst et al. (Eds.), How green is the city? Sustainability assessment and the management of urban environments (pp. 37–42). New York: Columbia University Press.
Rockström, J., Steffen, W. L., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., III, Lambin, E., et al. (2009). Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and Society, 14(2), 32.
Rosenthal, S. S., & Ross, A. (2010). Violent crime, entrepreneurship, and cities. Journal of Urban Economics, 67(1), 135–149.
Sánchez-Vidal, M., González-Val, R., & Viladecans-Marsa, E. (2014). Sequential city growth in the US: Does age matter? Regional Science and Urban Economics., 44, 29–37.
Simmel, G. (1950). The sociology of Georg Simmel (Vol. 92892). New York: Simon and Schuster.
Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., et al. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855.
Su, Q. (2011). The effect of population density, road network density, and congestion on household gasoline consumption in US urban areas. Energy Economics, 33(3), 445–452.
Tannier, C., & Thomas, I. (2013). Defining and characterizing urban boundaries: A fractal analysis of theoretical cities and Belgian cities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 41, 234–248.
Tannier, C., Thomas, I., Vuidel, G., & Frankhauser, P. (2011). A fractal approach to identifying urban boundaries. Geographical Analysis., 43, 211–227.
Tittle, C. R., & Grasmick, H. G. (2001). Urbanity: Influences of urbanness, structure, and culture. Social Science Research., 30, 313–335.
Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2015). Economic development (12th ed.). London: Pearson.
Tollefson, J. (2012). Earth as marble: Black and blue, now and then. Nature News Blog.
Uchiyama, Y. (2014a). Definition of megacities. In F. Fukami, K. Yamada, & Y. Uchiyama (Eds.) Report of whole earth urban historical research project (pp. 13–24). (written in Japanese).
Uchiyama, Y. (2014b). Climate, ecosystem, and, landcover. In F. Fukami, K. Yamada, & Y. Uchiyama, Y. (Eds.) Report of whole earth urban historical research project (pp. 25–37). (written in Japanese).
Uchiyama, Y., & Mori, K. (2017). Methods for specifying spatial boundaries of cities in the world: The impacts of delineation methods on city sustainability indices. Science of the Total Environment, 592, 345–356.
UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). (2018). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. Online Edition. Retrieved from https://population.un.org/wup/Download/.
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). (2012). World urbanization prospects. The 2011 revision. New York.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2009). State of world population 2009 facing a changing world. Women, population and climate. New York: UNFPA.
Weber, M. (1958). The city. New York: Free Press.
Weng, Q. (2012). Remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas: Requirements, methods, and trends. Remote Sensing of Environment., 117, 34–49.
Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1–24.
Zhang, Q., & Seto, K. C. (2011). Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal DMSP/OLS nighttime light data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(9), 2320–2329.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Muramatsu, S., Mori, K. (2021). Megacities as a Global Center of Sustainability Issues: Overview of the Book. In: Muramatsu, S., McGee, T.G., Mori, K. (eds) Living in the Megacity: Towards Sustainable Urban Environments. Global Environmental Studies. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56901-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56901-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56899-5
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-56901-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)