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A Comparative Perspective on the Human Temporal Lobe

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Part of the book series: Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series ((RNMH))

Abstract

The temporal lobe is a morphological specialization of primates resulting from an expansion of higher-order visual cortex that is a hallmark of the primate brain. Among primates, humans possess a temporal lobe that has significantly expanded. Several uniquely human cognitive abilities, including language comprehension, semantic memory, and aspects of conceptual processing, are represented in the temporal lobe. Understanding how the temporal lobe has been modified and reorganized in the human lineage is crucial to understanding how it supports human cognitive specializations. Identifying these structural modifications requires a direct comparison with other primates, with special attention to our closest relatives, the chimpanzees. Comparative examination of data from architectonics, tract tracing, and newer imaging methodologies suggests modifications to external morphology (gyri and sulci), preferential expansion of association areas, and elaboration of white matter fasciculi, distinguishing the human temporal lobe from those of Old World monkeys. Chimpanzees and humans share some of these features of cortical expansion, although more research is needed in order to elucidate whether humans possess simply a large hominoid temporal lobe or whether important reorganization has happened since our divergence from chimpanzees.

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Acknowledgments

Brain images in Fig. 16.1 were adapted from the University of Wisconsin and Michigan State Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections and the National Museum of Health and Medicine, on their website neurosciencelibrary.org, funded by NSF and NIH.

Figures 16.2 and 16.3 used data provided in part by the Human Connectome Project, WU-Minn Consortium (Principal Investigators: David Van Essen and Kamil Ugurbil; 1U54MH091657) funded by the 16 NIH Institutes and Centers that support the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research and by the McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience at Washington University.

The authors would like to acknowledge the John Templeton Foundation (Award 40463) and the NIH Office of Infrastructure Programs (OD P51OD11132) for supporting this work.

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  1. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Katherine L. Bryant

  2. Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA

    Todd M. Preuss

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Bryant, K.L., Preuss, T.M. (2018). A Comparative Perspective on the Human Temporal Lobe. In: Bruner, E., Ogihara, N., Tanabe, H. (eds) Digital Endocasts. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56582-6_16

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