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Innate Immune Recognition of Hepatitis C Virus

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Hepatitis C Virus I

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Abstract

Infection by HCV elicits a relative strong innate immune response in the liver that is characterized by induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and inflammatory cytokines. Mysteriously, this intrinsic host defense response is not followed by effective HCV-specific T cell responses in a majority of infected individuals, which progress to persistent infection. Innate immune recognition of HCV is initiated by hepatocytes and other parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells as well as specific immune cell subsets infiltrating the liver, signaling through various intracellular pathways that culminate in induction of interferons, ISGs and cytokines. These provide the first line of defense against HCV and also orchestrate the development of subsequent adaptive immunity to the virus. Data suggest that host genetic polymorphisms and immune evasion by HCV alter the status and magnitude of intrahepatic innate immune responses, and in so doing impact the infection outcome. This chapter summarizes recent advances in innate immune responses to HCV, focusing on the mechanisms by which the host detects HCV infection and initiates antiviral and inflammatory responses and by which HCV circumvents and sometimes exploits aspects of these intrinsic immune responses for maximal survival. Also reviewed are host innate immune factors that regulate spontaneous HCV clearance and response to the interferon-based therapy.

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Acknowledgement

Work in the author’s laboratory was supported by NIH grants AI069285, DA018054, and AI101526.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA

    Kui Li Ph.D.

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  1. Kui Li Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Kui Li Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Tatsuo Miyamura

  2. Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology , The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Stanley M. Lemon

  3. Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Christopher M. Walker

  4. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Takaji Wakita

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Li, K. (2016). Innate Immune Recognition of Hepatitis C Virus. In: Miyamura, T., Lemon, S., Walker, C., Wakita, T. (eds) Hepatitis C Virus I. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56098-2_13

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