Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Platelets

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Immunology of the Skin

Abstract

Platelets contribute greatly to immune and/or inflammatory responses, in addition to having prominent roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets have numerous immune-associated molecules in their granules, rapidly express receptors such as P-selectin, CD40 ligand, and integrins on their surface upon activation, and secrete soluble mediators such as chemokines, growth factors, and lipid mediators. In this way, platelets affect the function of endothelial cells and leukocytes such as neutrophils, T cells, natural killer cells, B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells via direct cell–cell contact and/or soluble mediators. In cutaneous inflammatory disorders including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and infectious diseases, platelets circulate in an activated state and are involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. On activation, platelets bind leukocytes via P-selectin on the surface of platelets in circulating blood. The platelet–leukocyte complexes then roll along the endothelium and transmigrate into subendothelial tissue. After reaching inflamed skin tissue, platelets release soluble mediators such as chemokines at the sites of inflammation, leading to aggravation of inflammatory responses. Platelets can also recognize bacteria pathogens through interactions via Toll-like receptors, with subsequent elimination of the bacteria directly by release of microbicidal proteins or by aggregation of platelets around the bacteria. Thus, platelets play important roles in immunity and inflammation in skin through interactions with cells such as leukocytes, other platelets, and the endothelium.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Andersson PO, Olsson A, Wadenvik H (2002) Reduced transforming growth factor-beta1 production by mononuclear cells from patients with active chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 116:862–867

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Andersson PO, Stockelberg D, Jacobsson S, Wadenvik H (2000) A transforming growth factor-beta1-mediated bystander immune suppression could be associated with remission of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol 79:507–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Aslam R, Speck ER, Kim M, Crow AR, Bang KWA, Nestel FP, Ni H, Lazarus AH, Freedman J, Semple JW (2006) Platelet toll-like receptor expression modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced thrombocytopenia and tumor necrosis factor- production in vivo. Blood 107:637–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Assoian RK, Komoriya A, Meyers CA, Miller DM, Sporn MB (1983) Transforming growth factor-beta in human platelets. Identification of a major storage site, purification, and characterization. J Biol Chem 258:7155–7160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Barry OP, Pratico D, Savani RC, Fitzgerald GA (1998) Modulation of monocyte-endothelial cell interactions by platelet microparticles. J Clin Invest 102:136–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Bergmeier, Wagner (2007) Inflammation. In: Michelson AD (ed) Platelets, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 713–726

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Berrettini M, Parise P, Costantini V, Grasselli S, Nenci GG (1985) Platelet activation in psoriasis. Thromb Haemost 53:195–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bombeli T, Schwartz BR, Harlan JM (1998) Adhesion of activated platelets to endothelial cells: evidence for a GPIIbIIIa-dependent bridging mechanism and novel roles for endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), αvβ3 integrin, and GPIbα. J Exp Med 187:329–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Clemetson KJ, Clemetson JM (2007) Platelet receptors. In: Michelson AD (ed) Platelets, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 45–73

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cloëz-Tayarani I, Petit-Bertron AF, Venters HD, Cavaillon JM (2003) Differential effect of serotonin on cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptors. Int Immunol 15:233–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Denis MM, Tolley ND, Bunting M, Schwertz H, Jiang H, Lindemann S, Yost CC, Rubner FJ, Albertine KH, Swoboda KJ, Fratto CM, Tolley E, Kraiss LW, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Weyrich AS (2005) Escaping the nuclear confines: signal-dependent pre-mRNA splicing in anucleate platelets. Cell 122:379–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Dürk T, Panther E, Müller T, Sorichter S, Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Virgilio FD, Myrtek D, Norgauer J, Idzko M (2005) 5-Hydroxytryptamine modulates cytokine and chemokine production in LPS-primed human monocytes via stimulation of different 5-HTR subtypes. Int Immunol 17:599–606

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Elzey BD, Tian J, Jensen RJ, Swanson AK, Lees JR, Lentz SR, Stein CS, Nieswandt B, Wang Y, Davidson BL, Ratliff TL (2003) Platelet-mediated modulation of adaptive immunity. A communication link between innate and adaptive immune compartments. Immunity 19:9–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Farbiszewski R, Niewiarowski S, Worowski K, Lipinski B (1968) Release of platelet factor 4 in vivo during intravascular coagulation and in thrombotic states. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 19:578–583

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Forlow SB, McEver RP, Nollert MU (2000) Leukocyte-leukocyte interactions mediated by platelet microparticles under flow. Blood 95:1317–1323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fyhrquist N, Lehtimaki S, Lahl K, Savinko T, Lappetelainen AM, Sparwasser T, Wolff H, Lauerma A, Alenius H (2012) Foxp3+ cells control Th2 responses in a murine model of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 132:1672–1680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gawaz M, Langer H, May AE (2005) Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. J Clin Invest 115:3378–3384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Gear ARL, Camerini D (2003) Platelet chemokines and chemokine receptors: linking hemostasis, inflammation, and host defence. Microcirculation 10:335–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB (2006) Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA 296:1735–1741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hara T, Shimizu K, Ogawa F, Yanaba K, Iwata Y, Muroi E, Takenaka M, Komura K, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Sato S (2010) Platelets control leukocyte recruitment in a murine model of cutaneous arthus reaction. Am J Pathol 176:259–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Hasegawa S, Pawankar R, Suzuki K, Nakahata T, Furukawa S, Okumura K, Ra C (1999) Functional expression of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcRI) in human platelets and its’ intracellular expression in human megakaryocytes. Blood 93:2543–2551

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hayashi S, Shimizu I, Miyauchi H, Watanabe S (1985) Increased platelet aggregation in psoriasis. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockh) 65:258–262

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Henn V, Slupsky JR, Grafe M, Anagnostopoulos I, Forster R, Muller-Berghaus G, Kroczek RA (1998) CD40 ligand on activated platelets triggers an inflammatory reaction of endothelial cells. Nature 391:591–594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Holme PA, Brosstad F, Solum NO (1993) The difference between platelet and plasma FXIII used to study the mechanism of platelet microvesicle formation. Thromb Haemost 70:681–686

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Idzko M, Panther E, Stratz C, Müller T, Bayer H, Zissel G, Dürk T, Sorichter S, Virgilio FD, Geissler M, Fiebich B, Herouy Y, Elsner P, Norgauer J, Ferrari D (2004) The serotoninergic receptors of human dendritic cells: identification and coupling to cytokine release. J Immunol 172:6011–6019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Iken K, Chheng S, Fargin A, Goulet AC, Kouassi E (1995) Serotonin upregulates mitogen-stimulated B lymphocyte proliferation through 5-HT1A receptors. Cell Immunol 163:1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ishii KJ, Akira S (2008) Innate immunity. In: Rich RR, Fleisher TA, Shearer WT, Schroeder HW Jr, Frew AJ, Weyand CM (eds) Clinical immunology principles and practice, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 39–51

    Google Scholar 

  28. Johnston GI, Cook RG, McEver RP (1986) Cloning of GMP-140, a granule membrane protein of platelets and endothelium: sequence similarity to proteins involved in cell adhesion and inflammation. Cell 56:1033–1044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Joseph M, Gounni AS, Kusnierz JP, Vorng H, Sarfati M, Kinet JP, Tonnel AB, Capron A, Capron M (1997) Expression and functions of the high-affinity IgE receptor on human platelets and megakaryocyte precursors. Eur J Immunol 2:2212–2218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kasperska-Zając A, Nowakowski M, Rogala B (2004) Enhanced platelet activation in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Inflammation 28:299–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Katoh N (2009) Platelets as versatile regulators of cutaneous inflammation. J Dermatol Sci 53:89–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Katoh N, Soga F, Nara T, Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Nin M, Kotani H, Kishimoto S (2006) Effects of serotonin on the differentiation of human monocytes into dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 46:354–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kawai T, Akira S (2011) Toll-like receptor and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity. Immunity 34:637–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Krijgsveld J, Zaat SAJ, Meeldijk J, van Veelen PA, Fang G, Poolman B, Brandt E, Ehlert JE, Kuijpers AJ, Engbers GHM, Feijen J, Dankert J (2000) Thrombocidins, microbicidal proteins from human blood platelets, are C-terminal deletion products of CXC chemokines. J Biol Chem 275:20374–20381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Laberge S, Cruikshank WW, Beer DJ, Center DM (1996) Secretion of IL-16 (lymphocyte chemoattractant factor) from serotonin-stimulated CD8+ T cells in vitro. J Immunol 156:310–315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lam FW, Burns AR, Smith CW, Rumbaut RE (2011) Platelets enhance neutrophil transendothelial migration via P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300:H468–H475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Lerner EA (1994) Chemical mediators of itching. In: Bernhard JD (ed) Itch, mechanisms and management of pruritus. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 23–35

    Google Scholar 

  38. Nailin L (2008) Platelet-lymphocyte cross-talk. J Leukoc Biol 83:1069–1078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Lindemann S, Gawaz M (2007) The active platelet: translation and protein synthesis in an anucleate cell. Semin Thromb Hamost 33:144–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ling Y, Cao X, Yu Z, Ruan C (2007) Circulating dendritic cells subsets and CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in adult patients with chronic ITP before and after treatment with high-dose dexamethasome. Eur J Haematol 79:310–316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Liu CY, Battaglia M, Lee SH, Sun QH, Aster RH, Visentin GP (2005) Platelet factor 4 differentially modulates CD4+ CD25+ (regulatory) versus CD4+ CD25- (nonregulatory) T cells. J Immunol 174:2680–2686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ludwig RJ, Bergmann P, Garbaraviciene J, von Stebut E, Radeke HH, Gille J, Diehl S, Hardt K, Henschler R, Kaufmann R, Pfeilschifter JM, Boehncke WH (2010) Platelet, not endothelial, P-selectin expression contributes to generation of immunity in cutaneous contact hypersensitivity. Am J Pathol 176:1339–1345

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Ludwig RJ, Schultz JE, Boehncke WH, Podda M, Tandi C, Krombach F, Baatz H, Kaufmann R, von Andrian UH, Zollner TM (2004) Activated, not resting, platelets increase leukocyte rolling in murine skin utilizing a distinct set of adhesion molecules. J Invest Dermatol 122:830–836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Matsuda H, Ushio H, Geba GP, Askenase PW (1997) Human platelets can initiate T cell-dependent contact hypersensitivity through local serotonin release mediated by IgE antibodies. J Immunol 158:2891–2897

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. McEver RP (1990) Properties of GMP-140, an inducible granule membrane protein of platelets and endothelium. Blood Cells 16:73–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. McEver RP, Martin MN (1984) A monoclonal antibody to a membrane glycoprotein binds only to activated platelets. J Biol Chem 259:9799–9804

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Merten M, Pakala R, Thiagarajan P, Benedict CR (1999) Platelet microparticles promote platelet interaction with subendothelial matrix in a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa–dependent mechanism. Circulation 99:2577–2582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sadallah S, Eken C, Martin PJ, Schifferli JA (2011) Microparticles (ectosomes) shed by stored human platelets down regulate macrophage and modify the development of dendritic cells. J Immunol 186:6543–6552

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Schonbeck U, Libby P (2001) The CD40/CD154 receptor/ligand dyad. Cell Mol Life Sci 58:4–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Semple JW, Italiano JE Jr, Freedman J (2011) Platelets and the immune continuum. Nat Rev Immunol 11:264–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Shiraki R, Inoue N, Kawasaki S, Takei A, Kadotani M, Ohnishi Y, Ejiri J, Kobayashi S, Hirata K, Kawashima S, Yokoyama M (2004) Expression of toll-like receptors on human platelets. Thromb Res 113:379–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Soga F, Katoh N, Inoue T, Kishimoto S (2007) Serotonin activates human monocytes and prevents apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol 127:1947–1955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Stasi R, Cooper N, Poeta GD, Stipa E, Evangelista MR, Abruzzese E, Amadori S (2008) Analysis of regulatory T-cell changes in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura receiving B cell-depleting therapy with rituximab. Blood 112:1147–1150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Stenberg PE, McEver RP, Shuman MA, Jacques YV, Bainton DF (1985) A platelet α-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) is expressed on the plasma membrane after activation. J Cell Biol 101:880–886

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N, Ueda E, Takenaka H, Kita M, Kishimoto S (2007) The role of platelets in leukocyte recruitment in chronic contact hypersensitivity induced by repeated elicitation. Am J Pathol 170:2019–2029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N, Kishimoto S (2008) Elevated platelet activation in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: increased plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4. Allergol Int 57:391–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N, Kishimoto S (2009) Platelet-derived microparticles and soluble P-selectin as platelet activation markers in patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Immunol 131:495–500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N, Kishimoto S (2009) Platelets play important roles in the late phase of the immediate hypersensitivity reaction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:581–587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N, Kishimoto S (2010) Platelet activation in patients with psoriasis: increased plasma levels of platelet-derived microparticles and soluble P-selectin. J Am Acad Dermatol 62:621–626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tans G, Rosing J, Thomassen MC, Heeb MJ, Zwaal RF, Griffin JH (1991) Comparison of anticoagulant and procoagulant activities of stimulated platelets and platelet-derived microparticles. Blood 77:2641–2648

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Young MR, Kut JL, Coogan MP, Wright MA, Young ME, Matthews J (1993) Stimulation of splenic T-lymphocyte function by endogenous serotonin and by low-dose exogenous serotonin. Immunology 80:395–400

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Wakkee M, Thio HB, Prens EP, Sijbrands EJ, Neumann HA (2007) Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles in untreated and treated psoriasis patients. Atherosclerosis 190:1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. White JG (2007) Platelet structure. In: Michelson AD (ed) Platelets, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 45–73

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  64. Wicki AN, Walz A, Gerber-Huber SN, Wenger RH, Vornhagen R, Clemetson KJ (1989) Isolation and characterization of human blood platelet mRNA and construction of a cDNA library in lambda gt11. Confirmation of the platelet derivation by identification of GPIb coding mRNA and cloning of a GPIb coding cDNA insert. Thromb Haemost 61:448–453

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, 465, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

    Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka & Norito Katoh

Authors
  1. Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Norito Katoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Grad Sch of Med., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

    Kenji Kabashima

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tamagawa-Mineoka, R., Katoh, N. (2016). Platelets. In: Kabashima, K. (eds) Immunology of the Skin. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55855-2_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation