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Adaptation and Psychological Disorders

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Cognitive Neuroscience Robotics B

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Abstract

This chapter reviews the issues of adaptation and psychological disorders. First, the definitions of adaptation and psychological disorders are stated, and the criteria for psychological disorders are given. Depression is introduced as a common and typical example of psychological disorder. You can check your depressive tendency by the self-rating scale presented here. Second, after discussing an example of a person with depression, the biological (neurotransmitter) and psychological mechanisms of depression are explained. Theory of learned helplessness and attribution theory reveal the mechanisms of depression. You can check your attribution type and cognitive style and recognize your susceptibility to depression by following the instruction given here. Third, antidepressant medication and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are each considered as an effective means for the treatment of depression. Fourth, historically famous persons who suffered from depression are introduced, and the risk of suicide in depressive patients is discussed.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Osamu Imura

Authors
  1. Osamu Imura
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Osamu Imura .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Masashi Kasaki

  2. Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Hiroshi Ishiguro

  3. Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Minoru Asada

  4. Division of Cognitive Neuroscience Robotics, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Mariko Osaka

  5. Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Takashi Fujikado

Exercises

Exercises

  1. 1.

    Choose the correct answer.

    1. (a)

      Eating problem is a symptom of depression.

    2. (b)

      Visual hallucination is a symptom of depression.

    3. (c)

      Sleeping problem is not a symptom of depression.

    4. (d)

      Thought disorder is a symptom of depression.

    5. (e)

      Lack of interest is not a symptom of depression.

  2. 2.

    Read the following description on serotonin and choose the correct order in which serotonin works as a transmitter.

    1. 1.

      An electrochemical nerve signal passes down the presynaptic cell into its end terminals.

    2. 2.

      Serotonin passes across the synaptic cleft, binds with special proteins called receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell (receiving cell) and sets up a new electrochemical signal in that cell (the signal can stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic cell). Serotonin fits with its receptor like a lock and key.

    3. 3.

      The remaining serotonin molecules in the cleft and those released by the receptors after use get destroyed by enzymes in the cleft (monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT)). Some get taken up by specific transporters on the presynaptic cell (reuptake).

    4. 4.

      The presynaptic cell (sending cell) makes serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) from the amino acid tryptophan and packages it in vesicles in its end terminals.

    5. 5.

      The nerve signal stimulates the vesicles containing serotonin to fuse with the cell membrane and dump serotonin into the synaptic cleft.

  3. 3.

    Choose the correct answer.

    1. (a)

      Contingent aversive stimuli (electric shock) strengthen learned helplessness.

    2. (b)

      Non-contingent aversive stimuli weaken learned helplessness.

    3. (c)

      Non-contingent aversive stimuli strengthen learned helplessness.

    4. (d)

      Contingent aversive stimuli weaken learned helplessness.

    5. (e)

      Aversive stimuli always strengthen learned helplessness.

  4. 4.

    Choose the correct answer.

    1. (a)

      Internal attributions strengthen depression.

    2. (b)

      External attributions strengthen depression.

    3. (c)

      Internal attributions weaken depression.

    4. (d)

      Stable attributions weaken depression.

    5. (e)

      Unstable attributions strengthen depression.

  5. 5.

    Choose the cognitive style that depressive persons usually do not tend to have.

    1. (a)

      Over-generalization: “If I fail A, I will fail B.”

    2. (b)

      Selective abstraction: “The teacher’s advice means that I am incompetent.”

    3. (c)

      All or nothing: “If I fail the exam, my life will be over.

    4. (d)

      Negative thinking: “Her proposal means that she is teasing me.”

    5. (e)

      Rationalization: “I do not like the movie, because I cannot get a ticket.”

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Imura, O. (2016). Adaptation and Psychological Disorders. In: Kasaki, M., Ishiguro, H., Asada, M., Osaka, M., Fujikado, T. (eds) Cognitive Neuroscience Robotics B. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54598-9_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54598-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-54597-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-54598-9

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

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