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European Space Activities in the Global Context

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Yearbook on Space Policy 2015

Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

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Abstract

The United Nations Annual Report “World Economic Situation and Prospects” reported a slight stumble in global growth by the end of 2015, as the persistent effects of the financial crisis in 2007 continued to discourage investment and global growth. In mid-2015, the growth of World Gross Product (WGP) was estimated to be 2.8 %, yet weak aggregate demand, falling commodity prices and increasing financial market volatility in major economies resulted in a year-end revision of WGP growth to 2.4 %.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “World Economic Situation and Prospects 2016.” 30 Nov. 2015. United Nations 20 June 2016 <http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2016wesp_full_en.pdf>.

  2. 2.

    Ibid. at 2.

  3. 3.

    Ibid.

  4. 4.

    “World Economic Situation and Prospects 2016.” 30 Nov. 2015. United Nations 20 June 2016: 1–8 <http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2016wesp_full_en.pdf>.

  5. 5.

    “Turkey’s downing of Russian warplane – what we know.” 1 Dec. 2015. BBC News 23 June 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34912581>.

  6. 6.

    Lindsay, James M. “Top Ten Most Significant World Events in 2015.” 15 Dec. 2015. Council on Foreign Relations 22 June 2016 <http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2015/12/15/ten-most-significant-world-events-in-2015/>.

  7. 7.

    “Charlie Hebdo attack: Three days of terror.” 14 Jan. 2015. BBC News 23 June 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30708237>.

  8. 8.

    Fuller, Jaime. “Paris Attacks Death Toll Rises to 130.” 20 Nov. 2015. New York Magazine 23 June 2016 <http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/11/paris-attacks-death-toll-rises-to-130.html>.

  9. 9.

    “Suruc massacre: ‘Turkish student’ was suicide bomber.” 22 July 2015. BBC News 23 June 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33619043>.

  10. 10.

    Schmidt, Michael S., and Richard Pérez-Peña. “F.B.I. Treating San Bernardino Attack as Terrorism Case.” 4 Dec. 2015. The New York Times 23 July 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/us/tashfeen-malik-islamic-state.html>.

  11. 11.

    “Greece election: Syriza leader Tsipras vows to end austerity ‘pain’.” 26 Jan. 2015. BBC 22 June 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30978052>.

  12. 12.

    Daley, Suzanne and Liz Alderman. “Premier of Greece, Alexis Tsipras, Accepts Creditors’ Austerity Deal.” 13 July 2015. The New York Times 22 June 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/14/world/europe/greece-debt-plan.html>.

  13. 13.

    Khan, Robert. “Greece’s Bailout Dead End.” 9 Nov. 2015. Council on Foreign Relations 23 June 2016 <http://blogs.cfr.org/kahn/2015/11/09/greeces-bailout-dead-end/>.

  14. 14.

    Lindsay, James M. “Top Ten Most Significant World Events in 2015.” 15 Dec. 2015. Council on Foreign Relations 22 June 2016 <http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2015/12/15/ten-most-significant-world-events-in-2015/>.

  15. 15.

    “European leaders fret over porous borders.” 12 Mar. 2015. CBS News 23 June 2016 <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/eu-borders-isis-migrants-refugees-smuggling-human-trafficking-libya/>.

  16. 16.

    “Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts.” 4 Mar. 2016. BBC News 23 June 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911>.

  17. 17.

    “Migrant crisis: One million enter Europe in 2015.” 22 Dec. 2015. BBC News 23 June 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35158769>.

  18. 18.

    “Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts.” 4 Mar. 2016. BBC News 23 June 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911>.

  19. 19.

    Namely China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

  20. 20.

    Williams, Jennifer R. “A comprehensive timeline of the Iran nuclear deal.” 21 July 2015. The Brookings Institution 22 June 2016 <http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2015/07/21-comprehensive-timeline-iran-nuclear-deal>.

  21. 21.

    Demirjian, Karoun. “Senate rejects attempt to derail Iran deal in victory for Obama.” 10 Sept. 2015. The Washington Post 22 June 2016 <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/09/10/senate-set-to-vote-on-iran-nuclear-deal/>.

  22. 22.

    Lindsay, James M. “Top Ten Most Significant World Events in 2015.” 15 Dec. 2015. Council on Foreign Relations 22 June 2016 <http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2015/12/15/ten-most-significant-world-events-in-2015/>.

  23. 23.

    Watkins, Derek. “What China Has Been Building in the South China Sea.” 27 Oct. 2015. The New York Times 23 June 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/30/world/asia/what-china-has-been-building-in-the-south-china-sea.html>.

  24. 24.

    Lindsay, James M. “Top Ten Most Significant World Events in 2015.” 15 Dec. 2015. Council on Foreign Relations 22 June 2016 <http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2015/12/15/ten-most-significant-world-events-in-2015/>.

  25. 25.

    Glaser, Bonnie S. “Conflict in the South China Sea.” 7 Apr. 2015. Council on Foreign Relations 23 June 2016 <http://www.cfr.org/asia-and-pacific/conflict-south-china-sea/p36377>.

  26. 26.

    Calmes, Jackie. “Trans-Pacific Partnership Is Reached, but Faces Scrutiny in Congress.” 5 Oct. 2015. The New York Times 23 June 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/06/business/trans-pacific-partnership-trade-deal-is-reached.html>.

  27. 27.

    Lindsay, James M. “Top Ten Most Significant World Events in 2015.” 15 Dec. 2015. Council on Foreign Relations 22 June 2016 <http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2015/12/15/ten-most-significant-world-events-in-2015/>.

  28. 28.

    “OUTCOMES OF THE U.N. CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE IN PARIS | 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21) November 30-December 12, 2015.” 12 Dec. 2015. Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions 24 June 2016 <http://www.c2es.org/international/negotiations/cop21-paris/summary>.

  29. 29.

    “The Paris agreement marks an unprecedented political recognition of the risks of climate change.” 12 Dec. 2015. The Economist 24 June 2016 <http://www.economist.com/node/21683990/>.

  30. 30.

    UN Climate Change Newsroom. “Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change | 195 Nations Set Path to Keep Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius.” 12 Dec. 2015. UNFCCC 24 June 2016 <http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/>.

  31. 31.

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | Conference of the Parties. Adoption of the Paris Agreement, Held in Paris from 30 November to 11 December 2015. UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 of 12 December 2015. United Nations (Annex | Paris Agreement, Article 21.1).

  32. 32.

    Kinver, Mark. “COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me?” 14 Dec. 2015. BBC News 24 June 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127>.

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    “International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2015 – Executive Summary” 10 Nov. 2015. IAE 3 Dec. 2015 <http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEB_WorldEnergyOutlook2015ExecutiveSummaryEnglishFinal.pdf>.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    According to the latest data available from UNCTAD.

  38. 38.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Trade and Development Report, 2015. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2015. 1–18.

  39. 39.

    Friedman, Nicole. “U.S. Oil Prices End 2015 Down 30 % for the Year.” 31 Dec. 2015. The Wall Street Journal 27 June 2016 <http://www.wsj.com/articles/oil-prices-rise-but-supply-glut-caps-gains-1451560147>.

  40. 40.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Trade and Development Report, 2015. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2015. 12.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    World Bank Group. Commodity Markets Outlook. January 2016. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016: 30–35.

  43. 43.

    OECD. Education at a Glance 2015: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, 2015: 41 <http://download.ei-ie.org/Docs/WebDepot/EaG2015_EN.pdf>.

  44. 44.

    OECD. Education at a Glance 2015: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, 2015: 41 <http://download.ei-ie.org/Docs/WebDepot/EaG2015_EN.pdf>.

  45. 45.

    OECD. Education at a Glance 2015: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, 2015: 27 <http://download.ei-ie.org/Docs/WebDepot/EaG2015_EN.pdf>.

  46. 46.

    “Cedefop’s latest skill supply and demand forecasts highlight Europe’s employment challenge.” 1 Apr. 2014. CEDEFOP 7 May 2015 <http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/node/12684>.

  47. 47.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Review of Maritime Transport 2015. Geneva: UNCTD, 2015. 48.

  48. 48.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Review of Maritime Transport 2015. Geneva: UNCTD, 2015. 29–45.

  49. 49.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Maritime Piracy | Part 1: An Overview of Trends, Costs and Trade-related Implications. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2014. 3.

  50. 50.

    Ibid.

  51. 51.

    ICC International Maritime Bureau. Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Report for the Period 1 January–31 December 2014. Jan. 2015. ICC-CSS 11 May 2015 <http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/2014-Annual-IMB-Piracy-Report-ABRIDGED.pdf>.

  52. 52.

    “Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) - % of GDP.” Eurostat 21 Apr. 2016 <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_20&plugin=1>.

  53. 53.

    “Gross domestic product at market prices | At current prices.” Eurostat 21 Apr. 2016 <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00001&language=en>; “Total intramural R&D expenditure (GERD) by sectors of performance – per Million euro.” 31 Mar. 2016. Eurostat 21 Apr. 2016 <http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do>.

  54. 54.

    “Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) - % of GDP.” Eurostat 21 Apr. 2016 <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_20&plugin=1>.

  55. 55.

    Ibid.

  56. 56.

    European Commission. “EU R&D Scoreboard | The 2015 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard.” 12 Dec. 2015. EU R&D Scoreboard 22 Apr. 2016 <http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboard15.html>.

  57. 57.

    Dosso, Mafini, Petros Gkotsis, Fernando Hervás, and Pietro Moncada-Paternò-Castello. “Industrial Research and Innovation: Evidence for Policy.” Nov. 2015. European Commission – JRC Policy Brief 22 Apr. 2016 <http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/10180/12238/Industrial%20Research%20and%20Innovation.%20Evidence%20for%20Policy>.

  58. 58.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – Prevention of an arms race – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/26 of 11 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/26>.

  59. 59.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – No first placement of weapons in outer space – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/27 of 11 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/27>.

  60. 60.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/53 of 11 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/53>.

  61. 61.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/82 of 15 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/82>.

  62. 62.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – Matters relating to activities under the United Nations Programme on Space Applications in 2016 – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/230 of 30 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/230>.

  63. 63.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – Prevention of an arms race – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/26 of 11 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/26>.

  64. 64.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – No first placement of weapons in outer space – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/27 of 11 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/27>.

  65. 65.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/53 of 11 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/53>.

  66. 66.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/82 of 15 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/82>.

  67. 67.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – Matters relating to activities under the United Nations Programme on Space Applications in 2016 – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/70/230 of 30 Dec. 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/230>.

  68. 68.

    “Disarmament and International Security.” General Assembly of the United Nations 18 Apr. 2016 <http://www.un.org/en/ga/first/index.shtml>.

  69. 69.

    “First Committee Sends Last of 57 Drafts to General Assembly at Close of Session After Record Participation in Thematic Debates.” 6 Nov. 2015. UN 18 Apr. 2016 <http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/gadis3542.doc.htm>.

  70. 70.

    “On Recommendation of First Committee, General Assembly Adopts More than 50 Drafts, Including New One on ‘Ethical Imperatives’ for Nuclear Disarmament.” 7 Dec. 2015. UN 18 Apr. 2016 <http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/ga11735.doc.htm>.

  71. 71.

    United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space on its Fifty-eighth session, Held in Vienna from 10–19 June 2015. UN Doc. A/70/20 of 26 June 2015. New York: United Nations <http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2015/a/a7020_0_html/A_70_20E.pdf>.

  72. 72.

    United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-second session, held in Vienna from 2 to 13 February 2015. UN Doc. A/AC.105/1088 of 27 February 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_1088E.pdf>.

  73. 73.

    United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its fifty-fourth session, held in Vienna from 13 to 24 April 2015. UN Doc. A/AC.105/1080 of 30 April 2015. Vienna: United Nations <http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2015/aac_105/aac_1051090_0_html/AC105_1090E.pdf>.

  74. 74.

    “ITU Symposium and Workshop on small satellite regulation and communication systems, Prague, Czech Republic, 2–4 March 2015.” 12 Mar. 2015. ITU 19 Apr. 2016 <http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/workshops/2015-prague-small-sat/Pages/default.aspx>.

  75. 75.

    “ITU Workshop on the Efficient Use of the Orbit/Spectrum Resource, Danang, Vietnam.” 1 Oct. 2015. ITU 19 Apr. 2016 <http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/workshops/danang-2015/Pages/default.aspx>.

  76. 76.

    “ITU International Satellite Symposium 2015.” 1 Oct. 2015. ITU 19 Apr. 2016 <http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/Pages/Events/2015/October-IISS-2015/home.aspx>.

  77. 77.

    “Preparatory meeting finalizes Report to 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference.” 2 Apr. 2015. ITU 18 Apr. 2016 <http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2015/08.aspx>.

  78. 78.

    “Radiocommunication Seminars and Workshops.” ITU 18 Apr. 2016 <http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/seminars/Pages/default.aspx>.

  79. 79.

    “World Radiocommunication Conference allocates spectrum for future innovation.” 27 Nov. 2015. ITU 18 Apr. 2016 <http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2015/56.aspx>.

  80. 80.

    “UN-SPIDER Monthly Updates.” 31 Mar. 2016. UNOOSA 20 Apr. 2016 <http://www.un-spider.org/news-and-events/updates>.

  81. 81.

    “United Nations/Japan Workshop on Space Weather ‘Science and Data Products from ISWI Instruments’.” UNOOSA 20 Apr. 2016 <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/events/data/2015/2015_japan_workshop.html>.

  82. 82.

    “United Nations/Russian Federation Workshop on the Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems.” UNOOSA 20 Apr. 2016 <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/events/data/2015/2015_gnss_workshop_russia.html>.

  83. 83.

    “United Nations/Austria Symposium on Integrated Space Technology Applications for Climate Change.” UNOOSA 20 Apr. 2016 <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/events/data/2015/2015_gnss_workshop_russia.html>.

  84. 84.

    “International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG): Annual Meeting.” United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 21 Apr. 2016 <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/meetings/ICG-2015.html>.

  85. 85.

    United Nations General Assembly. Tenth Meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems – Note by the Secretariat. UN Doc. A/AC.105/1104 of 2 Dec. 2015. New York: United Nations <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/documents/2016/aac.105/aac.1051104_0.html>.

  86. 86.

    “ICG-11: International Committee on GNSS.” 14 Jan. 2016. InsideGNSS 21 Apr. 2016 <http://www.insidegnss.com/node/4777>.

  87. 87.

    “15th UNGIWG Plenary Meeting.” UNGIWG 20 Apr. 2016 <http://www.ungiwg.org/meetings/15th-ungiwg-plenary-meeting>.

  88. 88.

    “United Nations Geographic Information Working Group | Report to the UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (GGIM).” 25 Aug. 2015. UNGIWG 20 Apr. 2016 <http://ggim.un.org/docs/meetings/GGIM5/UNGIWG%20Introduction.pdf>.

  89. 89.

    Conference on Disarmament. Report of the Conference on Disarmament to the General Assembly of the United Nations. UN Doc. CD/2046 of 18 September 2015. Geneva: United Nations <https://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/5747848.15311432.html>.

  90. 90.

    “Multilateral Negotiations on an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, New York 27–31 July 2015 | Chair’s Summary.” 31 July 2015. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 29 June 2016 <http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000098436.pdf>.

  91. 91.

    See further “Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities.” European Union External Action 24 June 2015 <http://eeas.europa.eu/non-proliferation-and-disarmament/outer-space-activities/index_en.htm>.

  92. 92.

    United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research – Note by the Secretary General, on its Seventieth session. UN Doc. A/70/177 of 23 July 2015. <http://www.unidir.org/files/files/GA_report_2015_Dir_E_A-70-177.pdf> leading up to 2015.

  93. 93.

    Johnson, Chris, and Victoria Samson. “UNIDIR Space Security Conference 2015: Underpinning Foundations of Space Security.” 15 Oct. 2015. UNIDIR 20 Apr. 2016 <http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/space-security-2015-en-640.pdf>.

  94. 94.

    “Past Meetings.” GEO 21 Apr. 2016 <http://www.earthobservations.org/meetings.php>.

  95. 95.

    “ESA Budget 2015 by Domain. 15 Jan. 2015. ESA 4 Mar. 2016 <http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2015/01/ESA_Budget_2015_by_domain>.

  96. 96.

    De Selding, Peter B. “ESA Hikes Budget, Takes Steps To Send Astronaut to Chinese Space Station.” 16 Jan. 2015. SpaceNews 10 Dec. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/esa-hikes-budget-takes-steps-to-send-astronaut-to-chinese-space-station/>.

  97. 97.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Italian Space Increase Falls Short, Clouding Outlook for ESA Ministerial.” 1 Dec. 2014. SpaceNews 22 June 2015 <http://spacenews.com/42638italian-space-increase-falls-short-clouding-outlook-for-esa-ministerial/>.

  98. 98.

    David, Leonard. “Lunar Leap: Europe Is Reaching for a Moon Base by the 2030s.” 30 Dec. 2015. Space.com 27 June 2016 <http://www.space.com/31488-european-moon-base-2030s.html>.

  99. 99.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Tough Sledding for Proposed ESA Reorganization.” 27 July 2015. SpaceNews 23 Dec. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/tough-sledding-for-proposed-esa-reorganization/>.

  100. 100.

    “Cost, Schedule Woes on 2 Lidar Missions Push ESA To Change Contract Procedures.” 22 May 2015. SpaceNews 11 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/cost-schedule-woes-on-2-lidar-missions-push-esa-to-change-contract-procedures/>.

  101. 101.

    “For Europe’s Embattled GMES, Good and Bad News.” 7 Dec. 2012. SpaceNews 25 Apr. 2014 <http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/32717for-europe%E2%80%99s-embattled-gmes-good-and-bad-news>.

  102. 102.

    “Green Light for GMES Copernicus.” 4 July 2013. ESA 28 Apr. 2014 <http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Green_light_for_GMES_Copernicus>.

  103. 103.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Data-relay Project Exemplifies Uneasy Relationship Between European Commission and ESA.” 30 Jan. 2015. SpaceNews 8 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/data-relay-project-exemplifies-uneasy-relationship-between-european-commission-and-esa/>.

  104. 104.

    Ibid.

  105. 105.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Three-way Agreement Extends EDRS Commitment Beyond 2020.” 24 Feb. 2015. SpaceNews 8 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/three-way-agreement-extends-edrs-commitment-beyond-2020/>.

  106. 106.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Successes in 2014 Prompt Airbus To Reduce Space Layoffs.” 20 Jan. 2015. SpaceNews 12 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/successes-in-2014-prompt-airbus-to-reduce-planned-layoffs-in-space-business/>.

  107. 107.

    De Selding, Peter B. “U.S., Germany Face Uphill Fight for UAV Spectrum.” 13 Nov. 2015. SpaceNews 7 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/u-s-germany-face-uphill-fight-for-uav-spectrum/>.

  108. 108.

    “Galileo Funding: A ‘Small’ Difference of €700 Million.” 22 Nov. 2013. The European Sting 25 Apr. 2014 <http://europeansting.com/2013/11/22/galileo-funding-a-small-difference-of-e700-million/>.

  109. 109.

    De Selding, Peter B. “A European Space Surveillance Network Inches Forward.” 17 June 2015. SpaceNews 22 Dec. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/a-european-space-surveillance-network-inches-forward/>.

  110. 110.

    “EUMETSAT Council concludes the approval of the EPS Second Generation programme and achieves progress on Jason-CS.” 24 June 2015. Eumetsat 1 June 2016 <http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2681070.html?lang=EN&pState=1>.

  111. 111.

    “Council takes steps to implement the EPS-SG and Jason-CS programmes.” 3 Dec. 2015. Eumetsat 1 June 2016 <http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2868481.html?lang=EN&pState=1>.

  112. 112.

    “Jason-CS Programme enters into force – two months ahead of COP 21.” 11 Sept. 2015. Eumetsat 1 June 2016 <http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2779482.html?lang=EN&pState=1>.

  113. 113.

    “EUMETSAT and NOAA sign agreement on Joint Polar System.” 2 Dec. 2015. Eumetsat 1 June 2016 <http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2867890.html?lang=EN&pState=1>.

  114. 114.

    “METOP.” Eumetsat 1 June 2016 <http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Metop/index.html>.

  115. 115.

    “European Weather Satellite Launched after 4-Month Delay.” 27 Sept. 2012. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014 <http://spacenews.com/article/european-weather-satellite-launched-after-4-month-delay>.

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    De Selding, Peter B. “Brazil Pulling Out of Ukrainian Launcher Project.” 16 Apr. 2015. SpaceNews 22 Dec. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/brazil-pulling-out-of-ukrainian-launcher-project/>.

  222. 222.

    The Space Report 2016. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2016: 16.

  223. 223.

    Ibid.

  224. 224.

    Ibid.

  225. 225.

    Ibid. at 38.

  226. 226.

    Ibid.

  227. 227.

    Ibid.

  228. 228.

    N.B.: Figures in this section are based on ASD-Eurospace estimates for European countries (at an €:$ exchange rate of 1:1.1153) and Space Report 2016 data for all non-European spacefaring countries (i.e. USA, Russia, Japan, China, India, Canada, and South Korea). Moreover, the different currencies in other sections of this chapter were not converted to a baseline currency (except for comparison purposes) as recent currency fluctuations skewed the changes in the spending by other countries.

  229. 229.

    The Space Report 2016. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2016: 38.

  230. 230.

    Ibid.

  231. 231.

    Ibid.

  232. 232.

    “ESA Budget for 2015.” 24 Feb. 2015. ESA 28 June 2016 <http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Highlights/ESA_budget_2015>.

  233. 233.

    Ibid.

  234. 234.

    “2016 State of the Satellite Industry Report.” 2 June 2016. Satellite Industry Association and The Tauri Group 5 Sept. 2016 <http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SSIR16-Pdf-Copy-for-Website-Compressed.pdf>.

  235. 235.

    C.f. The Space Report 2016. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2016: 16, and The Space Report 2015. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2015, 14.

  236. 236.

    “2016 State of the Satellite Industry Report.” 2 June 2016. Satellite Industry Association and The Tauri Group 5 Sept. 2016: 11 <http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SSIR16-Pdf-Copy-for-Website-Compressed.pdf>.

  237. 237.

    Ibid. at 4.

  238. 238.

    Ibid. at 11.

  239. 239.

    Ibid. at 12.

  240. 240.

    Ibid. at 13.

  241. 241.

    Ibid. at 11.

  242. 242.

    Ibid. at 13.

  243. 243.

    Ibid. at 18.

  244. 244.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2016. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2016: 40.

  245. 245.

    “2016 State of the Satellite Industry Report.” 2 June 2016. Satellite Industry Association and The Tauri Group 5 Sept. 2016: 29 <http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SSIR16-Pdf-Copy-for-Website-Compressed.pdf>.

  246. 246.

    “Garmin Reports Q4 and Fiscal 2015 Results.” 17 Feb. 2016. Garmin 3 July 2016 <http://newsroom.garmin.com/press-release/earnings/garmin-reports-q4-and-fiscal-2015-results>.

  247. 247.

    “TomTom Annual Report 2015.” 19 Feb. 2016. TomTom 3 June 2016: 33 <http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/TOMTOM/1941825123x0x876179/DC922427-C53C-4CE9-A5CC-43EB2855F9C7/TomTom_Annual_Report_2015.pdf>.

  248. 248.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Latest Proton Failure Leaves Customers, Insurers in a Bind.” 29 May 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/proton-failure-leaves-customers-insurers-in-a-bind-2/>.

  249. 249.

    De Selding, Peter B. “After Amos-5 Loss, Competitors Lure Spacecom Customers with Below-cost Pricing.” 24 Nov. 2015. SpaceNews 14 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/after-amos-5-loss-competitors-lure-spacecom-customers-with-below-cost-pricing/>.

  250. 250.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Component Issue Delays Iridium Next Launches by Four Months.” 29 Oct. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/component-issue-delays-iridium-next-launches-by-four-months/>.

  251. 251.

    De Selding, Peter B. “After Failure, Orbcomm Touts Constellation Resiliency.” 10 Aug. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/after-failure-orbcomm-touts-constellation-resiliency/>.

  252. 252.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Eutelsat Does the Math on Reducing Future Satellite Costs.” 3 Dec. 2015. SpaceNews 14 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/eutelsat-does-the-math-on-reducing-future-satellite-costs-by-at-least-20-percent/>.

  253. 253.

    Leone, Dan. “Orbital ATK, Virginia Reach Accord on Pad Repair Bill, Insurance.” 7 Aug. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/orbital-atk-virginia-reach-accord-on-pad-repair-bill/>.

  254. 254.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Arianespace Surpassed SpaceX in Commercial Launch Orders in 2015.” 6 Jan. 2016. SpaceNews 17 June 2016 <http://spacenews.com/arianespace-surpassed-spacex-in-commercial-launch-orders-in-2015/>.

  255. 255.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Three’s Company – Commercial Launch Contracts.” 18 Jan. 2016. SpaceNews Magazine 5 Sept. 2016 <http://www.spacenewsmag.com/feature/threes-company/>.

  256. 256.

    Clark, Stephen. “OneWeb launch deal called largest commercial rocket buy in history.” 1 July 2015. Spaceflight Now 17 June 2016 <https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/07/01/oneweb-launch-deal-called-largest-commercial-rocket-buy-in-history/>.

  257. 257.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Arianespace Surpassed SpaceX in Commercial Launch Orders in 2015.” 6 Jan. 2016. SpaceNews 17 June 2016 <http://spacenews.com/arianespace-surpassed-spacex-in-commercial-launch-orders-in-2015/>.

  258. 258.

    “Full Year 2014–2015 Results.” 30 July 2015. Eutelsat 9 June 2016 <http://news.eutelsat.com/pressreleases/full-year-2014-15-results-1197412>.

  259. 259.

    Reference Document 2014–2015. 22 Oct. 2015. Eutelsat 10 June 2016: 140 <http://www.eutelsat.com/files/contributed/investors/pdf/AGM2015/ETL-DDR%202014-15-UK-web.pdf>.

  260. 260.

    Press Release. “Eutelsat Communications First Half 2015–2016 Results.” 17 Feb. 2016. Eutelsat 10 June 2016 <http://news.eutelsat.com/pressreleases/eutelsat-communications-first-half-2015-2016-results-1318802>.

  261. 261.

    “SES Annual report 2015 – New foundations.” 7 Apr. 2016. SES 7 Sept. 2016 <http://www.ses.com/22199159/annual-report-15-en.pdf>.

  262. 262.

    “HISPASAT increases total revenue by 8.7% in 2015.” 15 Feb. 2016. Hispasat 13 June 2016 <http://www.hispasat.com/en/press-room/press-releases-2016/pagina-3/204/hispasat-increases-total-revenue--by-87-in-2015>.

  263. 263.

    Annual Report 2015. Telenor Group 18 Apr. 2016: 88 <https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Godkjent-Annual-Report-2015_7y8erjhregj745.pdf>.

  264. 264.

    “Global Reach Global Impact | Inmarsat PLC Annual Report and Accounts 2015.” 6 Apr. 2016. Inmarsat 13 June 2016 <http://www.inmarsat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Inmarsat_AR15_Bookmarked.pdf>.

  265. 265.

    “Flying ahead | Annual Report 2015.” 26 Apr. 2016. Airbus Group 17 June 2016: 24–28 <http://annualreport.airbusgroup.com/api/airbus_ar_2015.pdf>.

  266. 266.

    Jasper, Christopher. “Airbus Agrees to Sell Commercial Satcoms Business Back to Apax.” 21 Dec. 2015. Bloomberg 17 June 2016 <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-21/airbus-agrees-to-sell-commercial-satcoms-business-back-to-apax>.

  267. 267.

    De Selding, Peter B. “SSTL Using Immediate Access as a Lure To Sell a 4th DMC-3.” 16 July 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/sstl-using-immediate-access-as-a-lure-to-sell-a-4th-dmc-3/>.

  268. 268.

    Ibid.

  269. 269.

    De Selding, Peter B. “India’s PSLV Lofts UK-built Earth-observation Satellites Leased by Chinese Firm.” 13 July 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/indias-pslv-lofts-uk-built-earth-observation-satellites-leased-by-chinese-firm/>.

  270. 270.

    De Selding, Peter B. “China Launches High-resolution Commercial Imaging Satellite.” 7 Oct. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/china-launches-high-resolution-commercial-imaging-satellite/>.

  271. 271.

    “Registration Document 2015 | Annual Financial Report.” 22 Feb. 2016. Thales 17 June 2016: 116 <https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/2015_registration_document.pdf>.

  272. 272.

    Annual Report 2015. 16 Mar. 2016. OHB 24 Apr. 2016: 41–43 <http://www.ohb.de/tl_files/ohb/pdf/finanzberichte_hauptversammlung/2015/ohb_gb_2015_e.pdf>.

  273. 273.

    Ibid.

  274. 274.

    Annual Report 2015. 16 Mar. 2016. OHB 24 Apr. 2016: 61 <http://www.ohb.de/tl_files/ohb/pdf/finanzberichte_hauptversammlung/2015/ohb_gb_2015_e.pdf>.

  275. 275.

    RUAG Annual Report 2015. 17 Mar. 2016. RUAG 24 Apr. 2016: 25 <https://www.ruag.com/fileadmin/ruag/group/Annual_Report/2015/GB/RUAG_GB_2015_72dpi_E.pdf>.

  276. 276.

    Ibid. at 18.

  277. 277.

    Media release. “RUAG completes acquisition of Patria’s space business.” 12 May 2015. RUAG 6 July 2016 <http://www.ruag.com/space/media/media-releases/news/ruag-completes-acquisition-of-patrias-space-business/dea359f87ec7580485cade82cfb694d1/>.

  278. 278.

    Media release. “Riding high: RUAG’s 250th fairing launch.” 19 June 2015. RUAG 6 July 2016 <http://www.ruag.com/space/media/media-releases/news/riding-high-ruag-s-250th-fairing-launch/064689ee1cecd0fcf08b4652ada0799d/>.

  279. 279.

    “Boeing Reports Fourth-Quarter Results and Provides 2016 Guidance.” 27 Jan. 2016. Boeing 7 July 2016 <http://investors.boeing.com/investors/investor-news/press-release-details/2016/Boeing-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results-and-Provides-2016-Guidance/default.aspx>.

  280. 280.

    “Lockheed Martin Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results.” 26 Jan. 2016. Lockheed Martin 7 July 2016 <http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2016/january/012516-lm-q4-fy2015-earnings.html>.

  281. 281.

    “Orbital ATK Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Financial Results.” 29 Feb. 2016. Business Wire 7 July 2016 <http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160229007038/en/Orbital-ATK-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Full-Year>.

  282. 282.

    “Intelsat Announces Preliminary Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results.” 22 Feb. 2016. BusinessWire 7 Sept. 2016 <http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160222005419/en/Intelsat-Announces-Preliminary-Fourth-Quarter-Full-Year>.

  283. 283.

    “DigitalGlobe Reports Full Year and Fourth Quarter 2015 Results.” 25 Feb. 2016. RSS Feeds 7 July 2016 <http://investor.digitalglobe.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=70788&p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=2143469>.

  284. 284.

    Bodner, Matthew. “Cash Infusion Reaffirms Putin’s Commitment to New Launch Complex.” 3 Sept. 2014. SpaceNews 16 July 2015 <http://spacenews.com/41747cash-infusion-reaffirms-putins-commitment-to-new-launch-complex/>.

  285. 285.

    Foust, Jeff. “Russia Fires Launch Site Construction Manager Again.” 30 Mar. 2015. SpaceNews 1 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/russia-fires-launch-site-construction-manager-again/>.

  286. 286.

    Soldatkin, Vladimir. “Putin orders building hastened at new Russian spaceport.” 27 Aug. 2014. Reuters 16 July 2015 <http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/02/us-russia-space-idUSKBN0GX1AV20140902>.

  287. 287.

    “2015 Annual Report | For the year ended March 31, 2015.” 15 July 2015. Mitsubishi Electric 13 June 2016: 10 <http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/company/ir/library/annual_report/pdf/ar2015.pdf>.

  288. 288.

    “Investor Relations – Results by Business Segment.” 3 July 2015. Mitsubishi Electric 13 June 2016 <http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/company/ir/highlights/segment/index.html>.

  289. 289.

    “Annual Report 2015 – Year ended March 31, 2015.” 22 June 2015. NEC 9 July 2016 <http://www.nec.com/en/global/ir/pdf/annual/2015/ar2015-e.pdf>.

  290. 290.

    “Annual Report 2015 (Financials) – Year ended March 31, 2015.” 28 Aug. 2015. NEC 9 July 2016 <http://www.nec.com/en/global/ir/pdf/annual/2015/ar2015_fin.pdf>.

  291. 291.

    Kallender-Umezu, Paul. “Japan’s NEC Looks To Expand Commercial Market Footprint.” 24 Nov. 2014. SpaceNews 11 Feb. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/42644japans-nec-looks-to-expand-commercial-market-footprint/>.

  292. 292.

    “Teamwork, together we reach new heights – 2015 Annual Report.” 16 Mar. 2016. AsiaSat 13 June 2016: 63 <http://103.15.135.80/sites/default/files/E1135_AR_0421_0854.pdf>.

  293. 293.

    Fellman, Joshua. “Carlyle Fund to Buy GE’s Stake in AsiaSat, Make Buyout Offer.” 24 Dec. 2014. Bloomberg 13 June 2016 <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-23/carlyle-fund-to-buy-ge-s-stake-in-asiasat-and-make-buyout-offer>.

  294. 294.

    Media Release. “AsiaSat Reports 2015 Annual Results.” 16 Mar. 2016. AsiaSat 13 June 2016 <http://103.15.135.80/sites/default/files/2015%20AsiaSat%20Annual%20Results_English_final_0.pdf>.

  295. 295.

    “LaoSat 1.” 17 Apr. 2016. Gunter’s Space Page 7 Sept. 2016 <http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/laosat-1.htm>.

  296. 296.

    “Annual Report 2014–15.” 30 Nov. 2015. Antrix 9 July 2016 <http://www.antrix.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-attachments/ANNUAL%20REPORT%202014%20-2015%28ENGLISH%29.pdf>.

  297. 297.

    “Recently awarded GEO-Sat Contracts.” 6 May 2016. Gunter’s Space Page 12 May 2016 <http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/sat-contracts.htm>.

  298. 298.

    “MDA reports fourth quarter and full year 2015 results.” 24 Feb. 2016. MDA Corp. 7 July 2016 <http://mdacorporation.com/news/pr/pr2016022401.html>.

  299. 299.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Com Dev Closing California Plant But Expects To Find Another U.S. Foothold.” 16 Jan. 2015. SpaceNews 12 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/com-dev-closing-california-plant-but-expects-to-find-another-u-s-foothold/>.

  300. 300.

    “COM DEV announces acquisition by Honeywell and spinout of exactEarth.” 6 Nov. 2015. Com Dev International 16 June 2016 <https://www.comdev.ca/images/financial-reports/CDV_Honeywell_release_2015-11-05.pdf>.

  301. 301.

    “COM DEV Announces Fourth Quarter and Year-End Fiscal 2014 Results.” 15 Jan. 2015. COM DEV International 10 Feb. 2015 <http://www.comdev.ca/images/financial-reports/CDV_Q4_14_Financial_Release2.pdf>.

  302. 302.

    “COM DEV announces acquisition by Honeywell and spinout of exactEarth.” 6 Nov. 2015. Com Dev International 16 June 2016 <https://www.comdev.ca/images/financial-reports/CDV_Honeywell_release_2015-11-05.pdf>.

  303. 303.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Harris, exactEarth To Place AIS Gear on Iridium Craft.” 9 June 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/harris-exactearth-to-place-ais-gear-on-iridium-craft/>.

  304. 304.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Harris, exactEarth Aim To Ride Iridium Next to Growth in AIS.” 15 June 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/harris-exactearth-aim-to-ride-iridium-next-to-growth-in-ais/>.

  305. 305.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Harris, exactEarth Aim To Ride Iridium Next to Growth in AIS.” 15 June 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/harris-exactearth-aim-to-ride-iridium-next-to-growth-in-ais/>.

  306. 306.

    De Selding, Peter B. “exactEarth’s IPO Plans Coming into Focus.” 17 July 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/exactearths-ipo-plans-coming-into-focus/>.

  307. 307.

    “The Next Phase 2016 – Annual Report 2015.” 3 Mar. 2016. Thaicom Public Company Limited 15 June 2016: 155° E, 156° W <http://thcom.listedcompany.com/ar.html>.

  308. 308.

    Ibid. at 061° E.

  309. 309.

    Ibid. at 051° E – 053° E.

  310. 310.

    De Selding, Peter B. “NewSat Seeks Bankruptcy Protection.” 17 Apr. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/newsat-seeks-bankruptcy-protection/>.

  311. 311.

    De Selding, Peter B. “NewSat’s Losses Deepen as Creditors Circle.” 27 Feb. 2015. SpaceNews 12 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/newsats-losses-deepen-as-creditors-circle/>.

  312. 312.

    De Selding, Peter B. “NewSat Seeks Bankruptcy Protection.” 17 Apr. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/newsat-seeks-bankruptcy-protection/>.

  313. 313.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Jabiru-1 Launch Slips Further as NewSat, Creditors Haggle over New Financing.” 9 Feb. 2015. SpaceNews 12 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/jabiru-1-launch-slips-further-as-newsat-creditors-haggle-over-new-financing/>.

  314. 314.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Aug. 1 Deadline Set for Selling NewSat’s Ariane 5 Launch Slot to Measat.” 29 July 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/aug-1-deadline-set-for-selling-newsats-ariane-5-launch-slot-to-measat/>.

  315. 315.

    C.f. De Selding, Peter B. “NewSat in Credit Bind after Coface Rebuffs Waiver Request.” 8 Apr. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/coface-refusal-puts-newsat-in-tight-spot-with-creditors/>; and De Selding, Peter B. “Ex-Im Hasn’t Given Up on Recovering $100 Million NewSat Loss.” 9 June 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/ex-im-hasnt-given-up-on-recovering-100-million-newsat-launch/>.

  316. 316.

    SpaceNews Editor. “Editorial | NewSat’s Failure and the Ex-Im Bank.” 15 June 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/editorial-newsats-failure-and-the-ex-im-bank/>.

  317. 317.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Aug. 1 Deadline Set for Selling NewSat’s Ariane 5 Launch Slot to Measat.” 29 July 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/aug-1-deadline-set-for-selling-newsats-ariane-5-launch-slot-to-measat/>.

  318. 318.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Aug. 1 Deadline Set for Selling NewSat’s Ariane 5 Launch Slot to Measat.” 29 July 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/aug-1-deadline-set-for-selling-newsats-ariane-5-launch-slot-to-measat/>.

  319. 319.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2016. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2016: 39.

  320. 320.

    i.e. Dnepr, Proton M Blok DM 03, Proton-M Briz-M (Ph.1 mod. 2), Proton M Briz-M (Ph.3), Rokot KM, Soyuz 2.1a, Soyuz 2.1b, Soyuz 2.1v Volga, Soyuz FG, Soyuz U, and Zenit 3F.

  321. 321.

    i.e. Atlas 5 (401), Atlas 5 (421), Atlas 5 (501), Atlas 5 (551), Delta 4 Medium+ (4,2), Delta 4 Medium+ (5,4) (upgrade), Delta II 7320-10C, Falcon 9 v1.1, Falcon 9 v1.1(R), Falcon 9FT, and Super Strypi.

  322. 322.

    i.e. Long March 11, Long March 2D, Long March 3B, Long March 3C, Long March 4B, Long March 4C, and Long March 6.

  323. 323.

    Micro payloads have a mass of 91 kg or less, and are mainly science satellites, technological demonstrators or small communications satellites. Small payloads weigh between 92 and 907 kg and are very often Earth Observation satellites, similar to the Jason or the RapidEye series. Medium payloads weigh between 908 and 2268 kg, and feature the most diverse set of satellites, including small satcoms in geostationary orbit, Earth Observation satellites, and most of the Russian military satellites from the Kosmos series. Intermediate payloads, weighing between 2269 and 4536 kg, comprise medium satcoms and big scientific satellites. Large payloads, between 4537 and 9072 kg, refer to big satcoms, as well as to the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft flying to the ISS. Finally, Heavy payloads, exceeding 9072 kg, are linked to ISS activity, such as the cargo spacecraft, ATV, HTV, etc. See Commercial Space Transportation: 2011 Year in Review, 32.

  324. 324.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2016. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2016: 65–69. Payloads are assigned to the nation that commissioned them, not according to the nationality of the manufacturer.

  325. 325.

    i.e. not counting the 15 crewed, cargo, or hardware missions to the ISS, and the test launch of the Europe’s IXV spacecraft and its AVUM VV04 upper stage.

  326. 326.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2016. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2016: 65–69.

  327. 327.

    Ibid.

  328. 328.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2016. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2016: 40.

  329. 329.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2016. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2016: 65–69.

  330. 330.

    “Recently awarded GEO-Sat Contracts.” 6 May 2016. Gunter’s Space Page 12 May 2016 <http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/sat-contracts.htm>.

  331. 331.

    “World Teleport Association Publishes Top Operator Rankings for 2015.” 16 Dec. 2015. WTA 5 Sept. 2016 <http://www.worldteleport.org/news/266131/World-Teleport-Association-Publishes-Top-Operator-Rankings-for-2015.htm>.

  332. 332.

    The Space Report 2016. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2014: 38.

  333. 333.

    Ibid.

  334. 334.

    SpaceNews. “Editorial | Despite Compelling Logic, Cost Sharing Remains Elusive for European Milspace.” 20 Jan. 2015. SpaceNews 8 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/cost-sharing-elusive-for-european-milspace/>.

  335. 335.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Britain’s Skynet 5A Reassigned to Asia-Pacific.” 16 Mar. 2015. SpaceNews 12 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/britains-skynet-5a-reassigned-to-asia-pacific/>.

  336. 336.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Britain Backpedals on Privatized Milcom Satellites.” 5 Nov. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/britain-backpedals-on-privatized-milcom-satellites/>.

  337. 337.

    C.f. “Missile Defense Agency Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Budget Estimates | Overview.” 20 Feb. 2014. MDA 10 July 2016 <http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/budget_overview.pdf>.

    “Missile Defense Agency Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Budget Estimates | Overview.” 26 Jan. 2015 MDA 10 July 2016 <http://mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/budgetfy16.pdf>.

  338. 338.

    Gruss, Mike. “House Bill Would Revive Dormant Missile Defense Kill Vehicle Project.” 11 May 2015. SpaceNews 22 Dec. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/house-bill-would-revive-dormant-missile-defense-kill-vehicle-project/>.

  339. 339.

    Gruss, Mike. “MDA Pursues Kill Vehicles with Cost-cutting Mandate.” 24 Aug. 2015. SpaceNews 24 Dec. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/mda-pursues-kill-vehicles-with-cost-cutting-mandate/>.

  340. 340.

    Gruss, Mike. “Maneuvering Russian Satellite Has Everyone’s Attention.” 17 July 2015. SpaceNews 20 Mar. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/maneuvering-russian-satellite-has-everyones-attention/>.

  341. 341.

    Gruss, Mike. “Space Surveillance Sats Pressed into Early Service.” 18 Sept. 2015. SpaceNews 11 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/space-surveillance-sats-pressed-into-early-service/>.

  342. 342.

    Bodner, Matthew. “Russian Military Merges Air Force and Space Command.” 3 Aug. 2015. The Moscow Times 10 July 2016 <http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russian-military-merges-air-force-and-space-command/526672.html>.

  343. 343.

    “Russia involves 10 reconnaissance satellites in Syria operation — General Staff.” 17 Nov. 2015. TASS 20 Mar. 2016 <http://tass.ru/en/science/837273>.

  344. 344.

    Ferster, Warren. “General: Russian, Chinese Launches Demonstrate Growing Space Threat.” 15 Apr. 2015. SpaceNews 22 Dec. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/u-s-general-says-russian-chinese-launches-demonstrate-growing-space-threat/>.

  345. 345.

    Gruss, Mike. “Maneuvering Russian Satellite Has Everyone’s Attention.” 17 July 2015. SpaceNews 20 Mar. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/maneuvering-russian-satellite-has-everyones-attention/>.

  346. 346.

    Gruss, Mike. “Russian Luch Satellite Relocates — Next to Another Intelsat Craft.” 16 Oct. 2015. SpaceNews 11 Jan. 2016 <http://spacenews.com/russian-luch-satellite-relocates-next-to-another-intelsat-craft/>.

  347. 347.

    Kallender-Umezu, Paul. “Japan Boosts Space Spending In Support of Security Focus.” 2 Feb. 2015. SpaceNews 10 Dec. 2015 <http://spacenews.com/japan-boosts-space-spending-in-support-of-security-focus/>.

  348. 348.

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  1. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Cenan Al-Ekabi

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  1. European Space Policy Institute , Vienna, Austria

    Cenan Al-Ekabi

  2. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Blandina Baranes

  3. European Space Policy Institute , Vienna, Austria

    Peter Hulsroj

  4. European Space Policy Institute , Vienna, Austria

    Arne Lahcen

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Al-Ekabi, C. (2017). European Space Activities in the Global Context. In: Al-Ekabi, C., Baranes, B., Hulsroj, P., Lahcen, A. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2015. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-4860-0_1

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