Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Autism Spectrum Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Psychiatric Drugs in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) comprise autism/autistic disorder (ICD-10: F84.0; DSM-IV TR: 299.00), Asperger syndrome/disorder (ICD-10: F84.5; DSM-IV TR: 299.80), and atypical autism (ICD-10: F84.1)/pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDD-nos; DSM-IV TR: 299.80). In addition, some authors also subsume childhood disintegrative disorder (ICD-10: F84.3; DSM-IV TR: 299.10) under ASD. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association 2013), they are combined into one diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (DSM-5: 299.00) with varying levels of symptom severity and additional specifiers for intellectual and language impairment, medical condition, and catatonia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature

  • Abramson RK, Wright HH, Carpenter R, Brennan W, Lumpuy O, Cole E, Young SR (1989) Elevated blood serotonin in autistic probands and their first-degree relatives. J Autism Dev Disord 19:397–407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W (2011) Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC Pediatr 11:111

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albertini G, Polito E, Sara M, Di GG, Onorati P (2006) Compulsive masturbation in infantile autism treated by mirtazapine. Pediatr Neurol 34:417–418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman MG, Arnold LE, McDougle CJ, Vitiello B, Scahill L, Davies M, McCracken JT, Tierney E, Nash PL, Posey DJ, Chuang S, Martin A, Shah B, Gonzalez NM, Swiezy NB, Ritz L, Koenig K, McGough J, Ghuman JK, Lindsay RL (2005) Acute and long-term safety and tolerability of risperidone in children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15:869–884

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman MG, Hollway JA, McDougle CJ, Scahill L, Tierney E, McCracken JT, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Gavaletz A, Cronin P, Swiezy N, Wheeler C, Koenig K, Ghuman JK, Posey DJ (2008) Cognitive effects of risperidone in children with autism and irritable behavior. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 18:227–236

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman MG, McDougle CJ, Scahill L, Handen B, Arnold LE, Johnson C, Stigler KA, Bearss K, Butter E, Swiezy NB, Sukhodolsky DD, Ramadan Y, Pozdol SL, Nikolov R, Lecavalier L, Kohn AE, Koenig K, Hollway JA, Korzekwa P, Gavaletz A, Mulick JA, Hall KL, Dziura J, Ritz L, Trollinger S, Yu S, Vitiello B, Wagner A (2009) Medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavior problems: results from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 48:1143–1154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn (DSM-5TM). American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Amminger GP, Berger GE, Schafer MR, Klier C, Friedrich MH, Feucht M (2007) Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 61:551–553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anagnostou E, Taylor MJ (2011) Review of neuroimaging in autism spectrum disorders: what have we learned and where we go from here. Mol Autism 2:4, Apr 18

    Google Scholar 

  • Anagnostou E, Soorya L, Chaplin W, Bartz J, Halpern D, Wasserman S, Wang AT, Pepa L, Tanel N, Kushki A, Hollander E (2012) Intranasal oxytocin versus placebo in the treatment of adults with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Mol Autism 3:16, Dec 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson GM, Freedman DX, Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR, Hoder EL, McPhedran P, Minderaa RB, Hansen CR, Young JG (1987) Whole blood serotonin in autistic and normal subjects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 28:885–900

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson LT, Campbell M, Adams P, Small AM, Perry R, Shell J (1989) The effects of haloperidol on discrimination learning and behavioral symptoms in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord 19:227–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold LE, Aman MG, Cook AM, Witwer AN, Hall KL, Thompson S, Ramadan Y (2006) Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism spectrum disorders: placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 45:1196–1205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnsten AF, Rubia K (2012) Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 51:356–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T (2006) Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet 368:210–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen S, Scott FJ, Allison C, Williams J, Bolton P, Matthews FE, Brayne C (2009) Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study. Br J Psychiatry 194:500–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belsito KM, Law PA, Kirk KS, Landa RJ, Zimmerman AW (2001) Lamotrigine therapy for autistic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord 31:175–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg JM, Geschwind DH (2012) Autism genetics: searching for specificity and convergence. Genome Biol 13:247

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berry-Kravis EM, Hessl D, Rathmell B, Zarevics P, Cherubini M, Walton-Bowen K, Mu Y, Nguyen DV, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Wang PP, Carpenter RL, Bear MF, Hagerman RJ (2012) Effects of STX209 (arbaclofen) on neurobehavioral function in children and adults with fragile X syndrome: a randomized, controlled, phase 2 trial. Sci Transl Med 4:152ra127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan BP, Rauch SL, Jensen JE, Pope HG Jr (2013) A critical review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 73:24–31

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brugha TS, McManus S, Bankart J, Scott F, Purdon S, Smith J, Bebbington P, Jenkins R, Meltzer H (2011) Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:459–465

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caamano M, Boada L, Merchan-Naranjo J, Moreno C, Llorente C, Moreno D, Arango C, Parellada M (2013) Psychopathology in children and adolescents with ASD without mental retardation. J Autism Dev Disord 43:2442–2449

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell M, Anderson LT, Small AM, Locascio JJ, Lynch NS, Choroco MC (1990) Naltrexone in autistic children: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Psychopharmacol Bull 26:130–135

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell M, Anderson LT, Small AM, Adams P, Gonzalez NM, Ernst M (1993) Naltrexone in autistic children: behavioral symptoms and attentional learning. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 32:1283–1291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cath DC, Ran N, Smit JH, van Balkom AJ, Comijs HC (2008) Symptom overlap between autism spectrum disorder, generalized social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a preliminary case-controlled study. Psychopathology 41:101–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chez MG, Burton Q, Dowling T, Chang M, Khanna P, Kramer C (2007) Memantine as adjunctive therapy in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders: an observation of initial clinical response and maintenance tolerability. J Child Neurol 22:574–579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper B (2003) Evidence-based mental health policy: a critical appraisal. Br J Psychiatry 183:105–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corson AH, Barkenbus JE, Posey DJ, Stigler KA, McDougle CJ (2004) A retrospective analysis of quetiapine in the treatment of pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 65:1531–1536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortesi F, Giannotti F, Sebastiani T, Panunzi S, Valente D (2012) Controlled-release melatonin, singly and combined with cognitive behavioural therapy, for persistent insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Sleep Res 21:700–709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coskun M, Karakoc S, Kircelli F, Mukaddes NM (2009) Effectiveness of mirtazapine in the treatment of inappropriate sexual behaviors in individuals with autistic disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19:203–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cubells JF, Deoreo EH, Harvey PD, Garlow SJ, Garber K, Adam MP, Martin CL (2011) Pharmaco-genetically guided treatment of recurrent rage outbursts in an adult male with 15q13.3 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 155A:805–810

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle CA, McDougle CJ (2012) Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 14:263–279

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson CA, Posey DJ, Stigler KA, Mullett J, Katschke AR, McDougle CJ (2007) A retrospective study of memantine in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191:141–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freitag CM (2012) Autistic disorders – the state of the art and recent findings: epidemiology, aetiology, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic interventions. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 40:139–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freitag CM, Staal W, Klauck SM, Duketis E, Waltes R (2010) Genetics of autistic disorders: review and clinical implications. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19:169–178

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freitag CM, Cholemkery H, Elsuni L, Kroeger AK, Bender S, Kunz CU, Kieser M (2013) The group-based social skills training SOSTA-FRA in children and adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorder – study protocol of the randomised, multi-centre controlled SO. Trials 14:6, Jan 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghaziuddin M, Tsai L, Ghaziuddin N (1991) Fluoxetine in autism with depression. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 30:508–509

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golubchik P, Sever J, Weizman A (2013) Reboxetine treatment for autistic spectrum disorder of pediatric patients with depressive and inattentive/hyperactive symptoms: an open-label trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 36:37–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon CT, State RC, Nelson JE, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL (1993) A double-blind comparison of clomipramine, desipramine, and placebo in the treatment of autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:441–447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagerman RJ, Berry-Kravis E, Kaufmann WE, Ono MY, Tartaglia N, Lachiewicz A, Kronk R, Delahunty C, Hessl D, Visootsak J, Picker J, Gane L, Tranfaglia M (2009) Advances in the treatment of fragile X syndrome. Pediatrics 123:378–390

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardan AY, Jou RJ, Handen BL (2005) Retrospective study of quetiapine in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 35:387–391

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardan AY, Fung LK, Libove RA, Obukhanych TV, Nair S, Herzenberg LA, Frazier TW, Tirouvanziam R (2012) A randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autism. Biol Psychiatry 71:956–961

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harfterkamp M, Loo-Neus G, Minderaa RB, van der Gaag RJ, Escobar R, Schacht A, Pamulapati S, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ (2012) A randomized double-blind study of atomoxetine versus placebo for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 51:733–741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harfterkamp M, Buitelaar JK, Minderaa RB, Loo-Neus G, van der Gaag RJ, Hoekstra PJ (2013) Long-term treatment with atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an open-label extension study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 23:194–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellings JA, Weckbaugh M, Nickel EJ, Cain SE, Zarcone JR, Reese RM, Hall S, Ermer DJ, Tsai LY, Schroeder SR, Cook EH (2005) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of valproate for aggression in youth with pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15:682–692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, Phillips A, Chaplin W, Zagursky K, Novotny S, Wasserman S, Iyengar R (2005) A placebo controlled crossover trial of liquid fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in childhood and adolescent autism. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:582–589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, Wasserman S, Swanson EN, Chaplin W, Schapiro ML, Zagursky K, Novotny S (2006) A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of olanzapine in childhood/adolescent pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16:541–548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, Chaplin W, Soorya L, Wasserman S, Novotny S, Rusoff J, Feirsen N, Pepa L, Anagnostou E (2010) Divalproex sodium vs placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:990–998

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, Soorya L, Chaplin W, Anagnostou E, Taylor BP, Ferretti CJ, Wasserman S, Swanson E, Settipani C (2012) A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine for repetitive behaviors and global severity in adult autism spectrum disorders. Am J Psychiatry 169:292–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosenbocus S, Chahal R (2013a) Amantadine: a review of use in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22:55–60

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosenbocus S, Chahal R (2013b) Memantine: a review of possible uses in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22:166–171

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurwitz R, Blackmore R, Hazell P, Williams K, Woolfenden S (2012) Tricyclic antidepressants for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD008372

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim SH, Voigt RG, Katusic SK, Weaver AL, Barbaresi WJ (2009) Incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism: a population-based study. Pediatrics 124:680–686

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Greenhill LL, Conners CK, Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hoza B, March JS, Newcorn JH, Severe JB, Vitiello B, Wells K, Wigal T (2001) Findings from the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA): implications and applications for primary care providers. J Dev Behav Pediatr 22:60–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jesner OS, Aref-Adib M, Coren E (2007) Risperidone for autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD005040

    Google Scholar 

  • Kielinen M, Rantala H, Timonen E, Linna SL, Moilanen I (2004) Associated medical disorders and disabilities in children with autistic disorder: a population-based study. Autism 8:49–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y, Cho SC, Shin MS, Kim JW, Lee SH, Kim BN (2010) Retrospective case series of aripiprazole augmentation in pervasive developmental disorders. Psychiatry Investig 7:220–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King BH, Wright DM, Handen BL, Sikich L, Zimmerman AW, McMahon W, Cantwell E, Davanzo PA, Dourish CT, Dykens EM, Hooper SR, Jaselskis CA, Leventhal BL, Levitt J, Lord C, Lubetsky MJ, Myers SM, Ozonoff S, Shah BG, Snape M, Shernoff EW, Williamson K, Cook EH Jr (2001) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment of children with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 40:658–665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Bregman JD, Donnelly CL, Anagnostou E, Dukes K, Sullivan L, Hirtz D, Wagner A, Ritz L (2009) Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:583–590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krakowiak P, Goodlin-Jones B, Hertz-Picciotto I, Croen LA, Hansen RL (2008) Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and typical development: a population-based study. J Sleep Res 17:197–206

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnaswami S, McPheeters ML, Veenstra-VanderWeele J (2011) A systematic review of secretin for children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 127:e1322–e1325

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh MJ, Nguyen DV, Mu Y, Winarni TI, Schneider A, Chechi T, Polussa J, Doucet P, Tassone F, Rivera SM, Hessl D, Hagerman RJ (2013) A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of minocycline in children and adolescents with fragile x syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr 34:147–155

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leyfer OT, Folstein SE, Bacalman S, Davis NO, Dinh E, Morgan J, Tager-Flusberg H, Lainhart JE (2006) Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 36:849–861

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malone RP, Delaney MA, Hyman SB, Cater JR (2007) Ziprasidone in adolescents with autism: an open-label pilot study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 17:779–790

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malow BA, Byars K, Johnson K, Weiss S, Bernal P, Goldman SE, Panzer R, Coury DL, Glaze DG (2012) A practice pathway for the identification, evaluation, and management of insomnia in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 130(Suppl 2):S106–S124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell DS, Morales KH, Marcus SC, Stahmer AC, Doshi J, Polsky DE (2008) Psychotropic medication use among medicaid-enrolled children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 121:e441–e448

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus RN, Owen R, Kamen L, Manos G, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Aman MG (2009) A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 48:1110–1119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG, Arnold LE, Lindsay R, Nash P, Hollway J, McDougle CJ, Posey D, Swiezy N, Kohn A, Scahill L, Martin A, Koenig K, Volkmar F, Carroll D, Lancor A, Tierney E, Ghuman J, Gonzalez NM, Grados M, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Davies M, Robinson J, McMahon D (2002) Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med 347:314–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDougle CJ, Kem DL, Posey DJ (2002) Case series: use of ziprasidone for maladaptive symptoms in youths with autism. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 41:921–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougle CJ, Scahill L, Aman MG, McCracken JT, Tierney E, Davies M, Arnold LE, Posey DJ, Martin A, Ghuman JK, Shah B, Chuang SZ, Swiezy NB, Gonzalez NM, Hollway J, Koenig K, McGough JJ, Ritz L, Vitiello B (2005) Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: results from the study by the autism network of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology. Am J Psychiatry 162:1142–1148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehlinger R, Scheftner WA, Poznanski E (1990) Fluoxetine and autism. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 29:985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mouridsen SE, Rich B, Isager T (2011a) A longitudinal study of epilepsy and other central nervous system diseases in individuals with and without a history of infantile autism. Brain Dev 33:361–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouridsen SE, Rich B, Isager T (2011b) Epilepsy and other central nervous system diseases in atypical autism: a case control study. J Neural Transm 118:621–627

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouridsen SE, Rich B, Isager T (2013) Epilepsy in individuals with a history of Asperger’s syndrome: a Danish Nationwide Register-Based Cohort Study. J Autism Dev Disord 43:1308–1313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray ML, Hsia Y, Glaser K, Simonoff E, Murphy DG, Asherson PJ, Eklund H, Wong IC (2013) Pharmacological treatments prescribed to people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in primary health care. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Namerow L, Thomas P, Bostic JQ, Prince J, Monuteaux MC (2003) Use of citalopram in pervasive developmental disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:104–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen M, Murphy T (2001) Mirtazapine for excessive masturbation in an adolescent with autism. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 40:868–869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson R, Craven-Thuss B, Smith J (2006) A prospective, open-label trial of galantamine in autistic disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16:621–629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niederhofer H, Staffen W, Mair A (2002) Galantamine may be effective in treating autistic disorder. Br Med J 325:1422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nye C, Brice A (2005) Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD003497

    Google Scholar 

  • Ospina MB, Krebs SJ, Clark B, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Tjosvold L, Vandermeer B, Smith V (2008) Behavioural and developmental interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a clinical systematic review. PLoS One 3:e3755

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, Corey-Lisle P, Manos G, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Findling RL (2009) Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics 124:1533–1540

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owley T, Salt J, Guter S, Grieve A, Walton L, Ayuyao N, Leventhal BL, Cook EH Jr (2006) A prospective, open-label trial of memantine in the treatment of cognitive, behavioral, and memory dysfunction in pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16:517–524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posey DJ, Walsh KH, Wilson GA, McDougle CJ (1999) Risperidone in the treatment of two very young children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 9:273–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posey DJ, Guenin KD, Kohn AE, Swiezy NB, McDougle CJ (2001) A naturalistic open-label study of mirtazapine in autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11:267–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posey DJ, Kem DL, Swiezy NB, Sweeten TL, Wiegand RE, McDougle CJ (2004) A pilot study of D-cycloserine in subjects with autistic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 161:2115–2117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posey DJ, Aman MG, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Tierney E, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Chuang SZ, Davies M, Ramadan Y, Witwer AN, Swiezy NB, Cronin P, Shah B, Carroll DH, Young C, Wheeler C, McDougle CJ (2007) Positive effects of methylphenidate on inattention and hyperactivity in pervasive developmental disorders: an analysis of secondary measures. Biol Psychiatry 61:538–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapin I, Tuchman RF (2008) Autism: definition, neurobiology, screening, diagnosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 55:1129–1146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichow B, Volkmar FR, Cicchetti DV (2008) Development of the evaluative method for evaluating and determining evidence-based practices in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 38:1311–1319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichow B, Volkmar FR, Bloch MH (2013) Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 43:2435–2441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remington G, Sloman L, Konstantareas M, Parker K, Gow R (2001) Clomipramine versus haloperidol in the treatment of autistic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21:440–444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renynghe V, de Voxvrie G, De Bie M (1976) Character neuroses and behavioural disorders in children: their treatment with pipamperone (Dipiperon). A clinical study. Acta Psychiatr Belg 76:688–695

    Google Scholar 

  • Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network (2005) Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:1266–1274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2011) Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 53:783–792

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rueda JR, Ballesteros J, Guillen V, Tejada MI, Sola I (2011) Folic acid for fragile X syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD008476

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell AJ, Jassi A, Fullana MA, Mack H, Johnston K, Heyman I, Murphy DG, Mataix-Cols D (2013) Cognitive behavior therapy for comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Depress Anxiety 30:697–708

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Shaw SR (2012) Efficacy of risperidone in managing maladaptive behaviors for children with autistic spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Health Care 26:291–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shea S, Turgay A, Carroll A, Schulz M, Orlik H, Smith I, Dunbar F (2004) Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatrics 114:e634–e641

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel M (2012) Psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorder: evidence and practice. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 21:957–973

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G (2008) Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 47:921–929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff E, Jones CR, Pickles A, Happe F, Baird G, Charman T (2012) Severe mood problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53:1157–1166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steingard RJ, Zimnitzky B, DeMaso DR, Bauman ML, Bucci JP (1997) Sertraline treatment of transition-associated anxiety and agitation in children with autistic disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 7:9–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch EA, Arnold EB, Lewin AB, Nadeau JM, Jones AM, De Nadai AS, Jane MP, Selles RR, Ung D, Murphy TK (2013) The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 52:132–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tachibana M, Kagitani-Shimono K, Mohri I, Yamamoto T, Sanefuji W, Nakamura A, Oishi M, Kimura T, Onaka T, Ozono K, Taniike M (2013) Long-term administration of intranasal oxytocin is a safe and promising therapy for early adolescent boys with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 23:123–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrioli MG, Vernacotola S, Peruzzi L, Tabolacci E, Mila M, Militerni R, Musumeci S, Ramos FJ, Frontera M, Sorge G, Marzullo E, Romeo G, Vallee L, Veneselli E, Cocchi E, Garbarino E, Moscato U, Chiurazzi P, D’Iddio S, Calvani M, Neri G (2008) A double-blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of L-acetylcarnitine with placebo on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fragile X syndrome boys. Am J Med Genet A 146:803–812

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman S, Iyengar R, Chaplin WF, Watner D, Waldoks SE, Anagnostou E, Soorya L, Hollander E (2006) Levetiracetam versus placebo in childhood and adolescent autism: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 21:363–367

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White SW, Albano AM, Johnson CR, Kasari C, Ollendick T, Klin A, Oswald D, Scahill L (2010) Development of a cognitive-behavioral intervention program to treat anxiety and social deficits in teens with high-functioning autism. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 13:77–90

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams E, Thomas K, Sidebotham H, Emond A (2008) Prevalence and characteristics of autistic spectrum disorders in the ALSPAC cohort. Dev Med Child Neurol 50:672–677

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams K, Brignell A, Randall M, Silove N, Hazell P (2013) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004677

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer MH, Hart LC, Manning-Court P, Murray DS, Bing NM, Summer S (2012) Food variety as a predictor of nutritional status among children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 42:549–556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany

    Christine M. Freitag MD, MA & Tomasz A. Jarczok MD

Authors
  1. Christine M. Freitag MD, MA
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tomasz A. Jarczok MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christine M. Freitag MD, MA .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg Klinik und Poliklinik, Würzburg, Germany

    Manfred Gerlach

  2. Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und, Würzburg, Germany

    Andreas Warnke

  3. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA

    Laurence Greenhill

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freitag, C.M., Jarczok, T.A. (2014). Autism Spectrum Disorders. In: Gerlach, M., Warnke, A., Greenhill, L. (eds) Psychiatric Drugs in Children and Adolescents. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1501-5_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1501-5_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-1500-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-1501-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation