Skip to main content

Part of the book series: CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences ((CISM,volume 545))

Abstract

Boundary layer noise concerns the generation of acoustic waves as an effect of the interaction of a fluid with a moving surface. Several issues are related to the noise generation mechanisms in such a configuration. In the present description we focalize mainly onto the case of an infinite flat plate and two main distinct situations are considered. The first one deals with the prediction of the far field noise as accomplished from the classical integral theories, and the main formulations, including Curle’s approach, are briefly reviewed. A novel approach based on the computation of the surface transpiration velocity is also presented. The second aspect concerns the interior noise problem and it is treated from the view point of the fluid dynamic effects rather than from that of the structural dynamics. Attention is focused on the statistical properties of the wall pressure fluctuations and a review of the most effective theoretical models predicting statistical quantities is given. The discussion is completed by a short review of the pressure behavior in realistic situations, including the separated boundary layers in incompressible and compressible conditions and the effect of shock waves at transonic Mach numbers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • B.M. Abraham, Direct measurements of the turbulent boundary layer wall pressure wavenumber–frequency spectra, Journal of Fluids Engineering 120, pages 29–39, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Addad, D. Laurence, C. Talotte and M.C. Jacob, Large eddy simulation of a forward-backward facing step for acoustic source identification, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 24, pages 562–571, 2003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B-K. Ahn, W.R. Graham and S.A. Rizzi, Modelling unsteady wall pressures beneath turbolent boundary layers, 10th CEAS/AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 10-12 May 2004, Manchester, UK, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • B-K. Ahn, W.R. Graham and S.A. Rizzi, A structure-based model for turbulent-boundary-layer wall pressures, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 650, pages 443–478, 2010.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • R.F. Blackwelder and R.E. Kaplan, On the wall structure of the turbulent boundary layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 76, pages 89–112, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W.K. Blake, Mechanics of flow-induced sound and vibration. Volume II: Complex flow-structure interactions, Academic Press, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Bradshaw, ‘Inactive’ motion and pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 30, pages 241-258, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.K. Bull, Wall pressure fluctuations associated with subsonic turbulent boundary layer flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 28, pages 719–754, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.K. Bull, On the form of the wall-pressure spectrum in a turbulent boundary layer in relation to noise generation by boundary layer-surface interactions, Mechanics of Sound Generation in Flows, IUTAM Conference, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pages 210–216, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • M.K. Bull, Wall-pressure fluctuations beneath turbulent boundary layers: some reflections of forty years of research, Journal of Sound and Vibration 190(3), pages 299–315, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Camussi, G. Guj and A. Ragni, Wall pressure fluctuations induced by turbulent boundary layers over surface discontinuities, Journal of Sound and Vibration 294, pages 177–204, 2006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Camussi, G. Guj, A. Di Marco and A. Ragni, Propagation of wall pressure perturbations in a large aspect-ratio shallow cavity, Experiments in Fluids 40, pages 612–621, 2006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Camussi, G. Guj, B. Imperatore, A. Pizzicaroli and D. Perigo, Wall pressure fluctuations induced by transonic boundary layers on a launcher model, Aerospace Science and Technology 11, pages 349–359, 2007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Camussi, G. Robert and M.C. Jacob, Cross–wavelet analysis of wall pressure fluctuations beneath incompressible turbulent boundary layers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 617, pages 11–30, 2008.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • R. Camussi, M. Felli, F. Pereira, G. Aloisio and A. Di Marco, Statistical properties of wall pressure fluctuations over a forward-facing step, Physics of Fluids 20, pages 075113-1 – 075113-13, 2008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Chase, Modelling the wavevector-frequency spectrum of turbulent boundary layer wall pressure, Journal of Sound and Vibration 70, pages 29–67, 1980.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Chase, The character of the turbulent wall pressure spectrum at subconvective wavenumbers and a suggested comprehensive model, Journal of Sound and Vibration 112, pages 125–147, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Chase, Fluctuations in wall-shear stress and pressure at low streamwise wavenumbers in turbulent boundary-layer flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 225, pages 545–556, 1991.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • H. Choi and P. Moin On the space–time characteristics of wall pressure fluctuations, Physics of Fluids A 2, pages 1450–1460, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Ciappi, F. Mangionesi, S. De Rosa and F. Franco, Hydrodynamic and hydroelastic analyses of a plate excited by the turbulent boundary layer, Journal of Fluids and Structures 258, pages 321–342, 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Cockburn and J.E. Robertson, Vibration response of spacecraft shrouds to in-flight fluctuating pressures, Journal of Sound and Vibration 33, pages 399–425, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Coles, The law of the wake in the turbulent boundary layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1, pages 191-226, 1956.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • G.M. Corcos, The structure of the turbulent pressure field in boundary-layer flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 18(3), pages 353–378, 1964.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • G. Cousin, Sound from TBL induced vibrations, PhD Thesis, KTH Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research, Stockholm, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Curle, The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A231, pages 505–514, 1955.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Dhanak and A.P. Dowling, On the pressure fluctuations induced by coherent cortex motion near a surface, Proc. 26th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, June 1995, Paper No. 95-2240, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Dhanak, A.P. Dowling and C. Si, Coherent vortex model for surface pressure fluctuations induced by the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer, Physics of Fluids A 9, pages 2716–2731, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.P. Dowling, Flow-acoustic interaction near a flexible wall, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 128, pages 181–198, 1983.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • B.M. Efimtsov, Characteristics of the field of turbulent wall pressure fluctuations at large Reynolds numbers, Soviet Physics - Acoustics 28, pages 289–292, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • B.M. Efimtsov, Vibrations of a cylindrical panel in a field of turbulent pressure fluctuations, Soviet Physics - Acoustics 32(4), pages 336–337, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Efimtsov, N.M. Kozlov, S.V. Kravchenko and A.O. Anderson, Wall pressure fluctuation spectra at small forward-facing step, Proceedings of the Fifth AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Bellevue WA, AIAA Paper No. 99-1964, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • T. M. Farabee and M. J. Casarella, Spectral features of wall pressure fluctuations beneath turbulent boundary layers, Physics of Fluids A 3(10), pages 2410–2420, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • T.M. Farabee and F.E. Geib, Measurements of boundary layer pressure fluctuations at low wavenumbers on smooth and rough walls, ASME Symposium on Flow Noise Modelling, Measurement and Control, NCA-vol. 11, FED-vol. 130, pages 55–68, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ffowcs Williams, Boundary-layer pressures and the Corcos model: a development to incorporate low wavenumber constraints, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 125, pages 9–25, 1982.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ffowcs Williams and D.L. Hawkings, Sound Generated by Turbulence and Surfaces in Arbitrary Motion, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A264, pages 321–342, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Finnveden, F. Birgersson, U. Ross and T. Kremer, A model of wall pressure correlation for prediction of turbulence–induced vibration, Journal of Fluids and Structures 20, pages 1127-1143, 2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Goody, R.L. Simpson, M. Engel, C.J. Chesnakas and W.J. Devenport, Mean velocity and pressure and velocity spectral measurements within a separated flow around a prolate spheroid at incidence, AIAA Paper 98-0630, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • W.R. Graham, Boundary layer induced noise in aircraft. Part I: The flat plate model, Journal of Sound and Vibration 192, pages 101–120, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W.R. Graham, A comparison of models for the wavenumber-frequency spectrum of turbolent boundary layer pressures, Journal of Sound and Vibration 206(4), pages 541–565, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Howe, The wall-pressure spectrum in turbulent flow over a randomly inhomogeneous elastic solid, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91(1), pages 91–98, 1992.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Howe, Acoustics of Fluid: Structure Interactions, Cambridge University Press, London, 1998.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Hu, C.L. Morfey and N.D. Sandham, Aeroacoustics of wall-bounded turbulent flows, AIAA Journal 40, pages 465–473, 2002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Hu, C.L. Morfey and N.D. Sandham, Sound radiation in turbulent channel flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 475, pages 269–302, 2003.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • H. Hubbard, Aerodynamic noise and the plane boundary, Aeroacoustics of flight vehicles: theory and practice, volume 1: noise sources (D. Crighton: ‘Airframe noise’, pp. 391-447), NASA RP-1258, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Hudy, A.M. Naguib and W.M. Humphreys Jr., Wall-pressure array measurements beneath a separating/reattaching flow region, Physics of Fluids 15, pages 706–717, 2003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y.F. Hwang and G. Maidanik, A wavenumber analysis of the coupling of a structural mode and flow turbulence, Journal of Sound and Vibration 142, pages 135–152, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Jayasundera, M.J. Casarella and S.J. Russell, Identification of coherent motions using wall-pressure signatures, Tech. Rep. 19960918-036, Catholic Univ. of America, Washington DC, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • A.V. Johansson, J.-Y. Her and J.H. Haritonidis, On the generation of highamplitude wall-pressure peaks in turbulent boundary layers and spots, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 175, pages 119–142, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W.L. Keith, D.A. Hurdis and B.M. Abraham, A comparison of turbulent boundary layer wall-pressure spectra, Journal of Fluids Engineering 114, pages 338–347, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kim, J.-I. Choi and H.J. Sung, Relationship between wall pressure fluctuations and streamwise vortices in a turbulent boundary layer, Physics of Fluids 14, pages 898–901, 2002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kim and H.J. Sung, Wall pressure fluctuations and flow induced noise in a turbulent boundary layer over a bump, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 558, pages 79–102, 2006.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • A. Kiya, K. Sasaki and M. Arie, Discrete-vortex simulation of a turbulent separation bubble, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 120, pages 219–244, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Kiya and K. Sasaki, Structure of large-scale vortices and unsteady reverse flow in the reattaching zone of a turbulent separation bubble, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 154, pages 463–491, 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.H. Kraichnan, Pressure fluctuations in turbulent flow over a flat plate, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 28, pages 278–390, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Largeau and V. Moriniere, Wall pressure fluctuations and topology in separated flows over a forward-facing step, Experiments in Fluids 42(1), pages 21–40, 2007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.J.J. Leclercq, M.C. Jacob, A. Louisot and C. Talotte, Forward–backward facing step pair: Aerodynamic flow, wall pressure and acoustic characterization, Proceedings of the Seventh AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Maastricht, The Netherland, AIAA Paper No. 2001-1249, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Lighthill, On sound generated aerodinamically. Part I: General Theory, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A211, pages 564–587, 1952.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • G.M. Lilley and T.H. Hodgson, On surface pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers, AGARD Report No. 276, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • K.B. Lim, A study of pressure fluctuations in turbulent shear flows under the effects of mean pressure gradients, PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Manoha, The wavenumber-frequency spectrum of the wall pressure fluctuations beneath a turbulent boundary layer, Proceedings of AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conf., May 6-8, State College, PA, AIAA paper 96-1758, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Morino, C. Leotardi and R. Camussi, Power spectral density transfer function from boundary-pressure to field-pressure, Proc. 16th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Stockholm (Swe), AIAA paper 2010–3993, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Na and P. Moin, The structure of wall-pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers with adverse pressure gradient and separation, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 377, pages 347–373, 1998.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • P. Orlandi and J. Jimenez, On the generation of turbulent wall friction, Physics of Fluids 6, pages 634–641, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Panton and G. Robert, The wavenumber-phase velocity representation for the turbulent wall-pressure spectrum, Journal of Fluid Engineering 116, page 447, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • A.E. Perry and M.S. Chong, On the mechanism of wall turbulence, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 119, pages 173–217, 1982.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • O.M. Phillips, On the aerodynamic surface sound from a plane turbulent boundary layer, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 234, pages 327–335, 1956.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • S. Pirozzoli, M. Bernardini and F. Grasso, Direct numerical simulation of transonic shock/boundary layer interaction under conditions of incipient separation, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 657, pages 361–393, 2010.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • M. Bernardini, S. Pirozzoli and F. Grasso, The wall pressure signature of transonic shock/boundary layer interaction, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 671, pages 288–312, 2011.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • A. Powell, The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A231, pages 962–990, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Powell, Aerodynamic noise and the plane boundary, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 32, pages 982–990, 1960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Schlichting, Boundary-Layer Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • H.H. Schloemer, Effects of pressure gradient on turbulent-boundary-layer wall-pressure fluctuations, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 42(1), pages 93–113, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Shariff and M. Wang, A numerical experiment to determine whether surface shear-stress fluctuations are a true sound source, Physics of Fluids 17, pages 107105-1–107105-11, 2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Simpson, M. Ghodbane and B.E. McGrath, Surface pressure fluctuations in a separating turbulent boundary layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 177, pages 167–186, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Simpson Turbulent boundary-layer separation, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21, pages 205–234, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B.A. Singer, Turbulent wall-pressure fluctuations: new model for off-axis cross-spectral density, NASA Contractor Report 198297, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • B.A. Singer, Large-eddy simulation of turbulent wall-pressure fluctuations, NASA Contractor Report 198276, NASA, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • A.V. Smol’yakov and V.M. Tkachenko, Model of a field of pseudosonic turbulent wall pressures and experimental data, Soviet Physics - Acoustics 37(6), pages 627–631, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Song, D.B. DeGraaff and J.K. Eaton, Experimental study of a separating, reattaching, and redeveloping flow over a smoothly contoured ramp, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 21, pages 512–519, 2000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Stüer, A. Gyr and W. Kinzelbach, Laminar separation on a forward facing step, European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 18, pages 675–692, 1999.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • W.W. Willmarth, Pressure fluctuations beneath turbulent boundary layers, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 7, pages 13-38, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.F. Wu and L. Maestrello, Responses of finite baffled plate to turbulent flow excitations, AIAA Journal 33, pages 13–19, 1995.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 CISM, Udine

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Camussi, R., Di Marco, A. (2013). Boundary layer noise Part 1: generation mechanisms. In: Camussi, R. (eds) Noise Sources in Turbulent Shear Flows: Fundamentals and Applications. CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, vol 545. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1458-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1458-2_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-1457-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-1458-2

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics