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Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Tumor Growth

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Interaction of Immune and Cancer Cells

Abstract

The tumour microenvironment is a heterogeneous and complex environment, characterized by the presence of malignant cells and non-neoplastic cellular elements, including immune and stromal cells, as well as blood vessels. Tumour progression is associated with profound alteration of myelopoiesis, which gives origin to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) from immature myeloid progenitors. MDSCs accumulate in the blood, secondary lymphoid organs, bone marrow, and at tumour sites, as has been observed in different cancer patients and experimental tumour models in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors released by tumour. Upon recruitment, MDSCs exert various immunosuppressive effects to block innate and adaptive anti-tumour responses. This chapter reviews the origin and features of MDSCs, as well as the immunosuppressive mechanisms used by these cells in order to promote tumour progression.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen-presenting cells

ARG1:

Arginase 1

ATRA:

All-trans retinoic acid

BCL-XL:

B cell lymphoma XL

BM:

Bone marrow

C/EBPβ:

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β

COX2:

Cyclooxygenase 2

DCs:

Dendritic cells

ERK:

Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases

G-CSF:

Granulocyte CSF

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor

G-MDSCs:

Granulocyte MDSCs

iDCs:

Immature dendritic cells

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

IL:

Interleukin

IMC:

Immature myeloid cells

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

JAK-1:

Janus kinase-1

M-CSF:

Macrophage CSF

MDSCs:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

M-MDSCs:

Monocyte-MDSCs

MMP9:

Metalloproteinase 9

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NFκB:

Nuclear factor-κB

NK:

Natural killer

NKT:

T natural killer

NO:

Nitric oxide

PB:

Peripheral blood

PDE5:

Phosphodiesterase 5

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PMNs:

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCF:

Stem cell factor

STAT 3:

Transcriptional factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TAMs:

Tumour-associated macrophages

TDSF:

Tumour-derived soluble factors

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

Treg:

Regulatory T cells

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genova, Italy

    Lizzia Raffaghello & Giovanna Bianchi

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  1. Lizzia Raffaghello
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  2. Giovanna Bianchi
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Correspondence to Lizzia Raffaghello .

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  1. Institute of Medical Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland

    Magdalena Klink

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Raffaghello, L., Bianchi, G. (2014). Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Tumor Growth. In: Klink, M. (eds) Interaction of Immune and Cancer Cells. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1300-4_5

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