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Proteases in the Mammalian Digestive System

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Proteases: Structure and Function

Abstract

The digestive system works in concert with the other organ systems of the body, and with the external environment, in particular ingested material and microorganisms. The pathway from the point of ingestion to the point of excretion is long and tortuous, and is made up of dozens of niches with specialized physiologic roles and constellations of proteases. In each of these niches, there is a characteristic array of molecules from the lumen to the surface of the cells lining the alimentary tract (Hopfer 2011). The cellular level is a heterogeneous mosaic of resident and transient cells with special functions and arrays of proteases. This chapter will focus on the mammalian proteases found in the lumen and on the cell surface of the alimentary tract, both membrane-bound and secreted proteases. The proteases of the intestinal bacteria, mainly in the lower intestine, are dealt with in separate chapters, but structures and products of bacteria will be addressed as substrates and as factors that affect protease expression and activity. Similarly, the proteases of immune cells, which are transient members of the digestive system, are dealt with separately in other chapters, but their roles in the alimentary tract are inextricably enmeshed in normal physiologic processes of digestion and pathologic responses to injury. Accordingly, this review of proteases in the digestive system will focus on the human system beginning anatomically at the oral cavity, and proceed to the esophagus, stomach, and the niches of the intestinal tract, ending with the colon. Representative protease functions in intestinal pathobiology are discussed in the anatomical sections and in separate sections at the end of the chapter. There is detailed information on the many proteases mentioned in this chapter in the Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, second Edition (Barrett et al. 2004) and the third Edition (Rawlings and Salvesen 2013), and in the MEROPs database (http://www.merops.sanger.ac.uk).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA

    S. Gaylen Bradley

  2. University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Toni M. Antalis

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA

    Judith S. Bond

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  3. Judith S. Bond
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Correspondence to Judith S. Bond .

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  1. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, JACOBS UNIVERSITY BREMEN, Bremen, Germany

    Klaudia Brix

  2. Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

    Walter Stöcker

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Bradley, S.G., Antalis, T.M., Bond, J.S. (2013). Proteases in the Mammalian Digestive System. In: Brix, K., Stöcker, W. (eds) Proteases: Structure and Function. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0885-7_11

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