Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Forschungsmethoden in der Sozialpsychologie

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sozialpsychologie

  • 15k Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Dieses Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die Forschungsmethoden in der Sozialpsychologie, von der Entwicklung einer Theorie bis zur Datenerhebung. Nach der Beschreibung dreier quantitativer Forschungsstrategien (Experiment, Quasiexperiment und Umfrageforschung) wird kurz auf qualitative Ansätze eingegangen; der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Diskursanalyse. Danach werden die Schlüsselelemente des Experiments behandelt, weil dies die am weitesten verbreitete Forschungsmethode in der Sozialpsychologie ist. Zudem beschäftigen wir uns mit Gefährdungen der Validität von Experimenten, der Wichtigkeit von Replikationen und den Problemen experimenteller Forschung in der Sozialpsychologie. Im letzten Abschnitt des Kapitels werden verschiedene Methoden der Datenerhebung dargestellt (Beobachtung, Selbstbeurteilung, implizite Messverfahren, Big-Data-Erfassung von Online-Verhalten und physiologische Messverfahren).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  • Bakeman, R. (2000). Behavioral observation and coding. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Hrsg.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (S. 138–159). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bales, R. F. (1950). Interaction process analysis: A method for the study of small groups. Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bales, R. F., & Slater, P. E. (1955). Role differentiation in small decision-making groups. In T. Parsons & R. F. Bales (Hrsg.), Family, socialization, and interaction process (S. 259–306). Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2015). Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber? Psychological Science, 26, 1531–1542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Hrsg.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (S. 253–285). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, S. L., & Bevan, S. (1992). At the movies with Buss and Durkee: A natural experiment on film violence. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 37–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branscombe, N. R., Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1999a). The context and content of social identity threat. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Doosje (Hrsg.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (S. 35–58). Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B. (2000). Research design and issues of validity. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Hrsg.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (S. 3–16). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., Amaral, D. G., Blanchard, J. J., Cameron, J. L., Carter, C. S., Crews, D., … Quinn, K. J. (2007). Social neuroscience: Progress and implications for mental health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 99–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T. (1950). The indirect assessment of social attitudes. Psychological Bulletin, 47, 15–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. M. (1989). Integrating research: A guide for literature reviews. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. B., & Pollock, D. A. (1959). The identification of prejudicial attitudes by the galvanic skin response. Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 241–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs). (2016). Berufsethische Richtlinien des Berufsverbandes Deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen e.V. und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie e.V. (zugleich Berufsordnung des Berufsverbandes Deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen e.V.) in der von der Delegiertenkonferenz des BDP am 4.6.2016 und von der Mitgliederversammlung der DGPs am 21.9.2016 beschlossenen Fassung. https://www.dgps.de/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/berufsethik-foederation-2016.pdf. Zugegriffen am 20.03.2023.

  • Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2018). The replication crisis in psychology. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Hrsg.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. DEF publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, J., & Durrheim, K. (2003). Contact and the ecology of racial division: Some varieties of informal segregation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyen, S., Klein, O., Pichon, C.-L., & Cleeremans, A. (2012). Behavioral priming: It’s all in the mind, but whose mind? PLoS One, 7, e29081.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, D. S. (2012). Research methods for social psychology (2. Aufl.). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails. University of Minnesota Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, G. A., & Elsbach, K. D. (2000). Ethnography and experiment in social psychological theory building: Tactics for integrating qualitative field data with quantitative lab data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 51–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. A. (1926). The arrangement of field experiments. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture of Great Britain, 33, 503–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freelon, D., McIlwain, C., & Clark, M. (2018). Quantifying the power and consequences of social media protest. New Media & Society, 20, 990–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. J. (1973). Social psychology as history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 309–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. J. (1978). Experimentation in social psychology: A reappraisal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 507–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups. Psychological Science, 17, 847–853.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, S. A. (2004). Psychology in organizations: The social identity approach (2. Aufl.). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henwood, K. L. (1996). Qualitative inquiry: Perspectives, methods and psychology. In J. T. E. Richardson (Hrsg.), Handbook of qualitative research methods for psychology and the social science (S. 25–40). Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewstone, M., Judd, C. M., & Sharp, M. (2011). Do observer ratings validate self-reports of intergroup contact?: A round-robin analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 599–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollway, W., & Jefferson, T. (2005). Panic and perjury: a psychosocial exploration of agency. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 147–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I. L. (1982). Groupthink (2. Aufl.). Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Quantitative synthesis of social psychological research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Hrsg.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (S. 496–528). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981a). Estimating the effects of social interventions. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981b). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evalua-tions. Evaluation Review, 5, 602–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Hrsg.), Handbook of social psychology (4. Aufl., Bd. 1, S. 233–265). McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D., & Graepel, T. (2013). Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 110, 5802–5805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebert, R. M., & Baron, R. A. (1972). Some immediate effects of televised violence on children’s behavior. Developmental Psychology, 6, 469–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, A., & Haslam, S. A. (2008). The importance of social identity content in a setting of chronic social conflict: Understanding intergroup relations in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 1–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1990). Appraising and amending theories: The strategy of Lakatosian defense and two principles that warrant it. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 108–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, S. (1965). Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority. Human Relations, 18, 57–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 961–978.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moosbrugger, H., & Kelava, A. (Hrsg.). (2020). Testtheorie und Fragebogenkonstruktion (3. Aufl.). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musch, J., Brockhaus, R., & Bröder, A. (2002). Ein Inventar zur Erfassung von zwei Faktoren sozialer Erwünschtheit. Diagnostica, 48, 121–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mussweiler, T., Rüter, K., & Epstude, K. (2006). The why, who, and how of social comparison: A social cognition perspective. In S. Guimond (Hrsg.), Social comparison and social psychology: Understanding cognition, intergroup relations and culture (S. 33–54). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349, 943–951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim, A. N. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. Pinter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M. T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, 776–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M. T. (1969). Demand characteristics and the concept of quasi-controls. In R. Rosenthal & R. Rosnow (Hrsg.), Artifact in behavioral research (S. 143–179). Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Hrsg.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (S. 17–59). Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, G. (2013). Behind the shock machine: The untold story of the notorious Milgram psychology experiments. New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, R. S., Owens, P. D., Tetlock, P. E., Fan, E. T., & Martorana, P. (1998). Group dynamics in top management teams: Groupthink, vigilance, and alternative models of failure and success in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73, 272–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986a). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981a). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 847–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. (1935). Logik der Forschung: Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Cihangir, S. (2001). Quality of decision making and group norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 918–930.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behavior. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741–763.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rankin, R. E., & Campbell, D. T. (1955). Galvanic skin response to Negro and White experimenters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 30–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2006). Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 1–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P., Wrightsman, L. S., & Andrews, F. M. (1991). Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. (1966). Experimenter effects in behavioral research. Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The ‚file drawer problem‘ and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, H. R., Sutton, A. J., & Borenstein, M. (Hrsg.). (2006). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheepers, D., De Wit, F., Ellemers, N., & Sassenberg, K. (2012). Social power makes the heart work more efficiently: Evidence from cardiovascular markers of challenge and threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 371–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, N., Groves, R. M., & Schuman, H. (1998). Survey methods. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Hrsg.), Handbook of social psychology (4. Aufl., Bd. 1, S. 143–179). McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 515–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedlmeier, P., & Renkewitz, F. (2018). Forschungsmethoden und Statistik für Psychologen und Sozialwissenschaftler (3. Aufl.). Pearson Deutschland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, D., & Whelton, W. J. (2016). Frightened by an old scarecrow: the remarkable resilience of demand characteristics. Review of General Psychology, 20, 349–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonton, D. K. (1981). The library laboratory: Archival data in personality and social psychology. In L. Wheeler (Hrsg.), Review of personality and social psychology (Bd. 2, S. 217–243). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. B., Bond, M. H., & Kağitçibaşi, Ç. (2006). Understanding social psychology across cultures: Living and working in a changing world. Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spears, R., & Smith, H. J. (2001). Experiments as politics. Political Psychology, 22, 309–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stokoe, E., & Edwards, D. (2007). ‚Black this, black that‘: Racial insults and reported speech in neighbour complaints and police interrogations. Discourse & Society, 18, 337–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stroebe, M. S., Stroebe, W., & Schut, H. (2007). Health consequences of bereavement: A review. The Lancet, 370, 1960–1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tetlock, P. E. (1979). Identifying victims of groupthink from public statements of decision makers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1314–1324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tetlock, P. E. (1994). Political psychology or politicized psychology: Is the road to scientific hell paved with good moral intentions? Political Psychology, 15, 509–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tzeng, O. C., & Jackson, J. W. (1991). Common methodological framework for theory construction and evaluation in the social and behavioral sciences. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 117, 49–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, P. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Lavrakas, P. (2000). Survey research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Hrsg.), Handbook of research methods in social psychology (S. 223–252). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (2000). Unobtrusive measures. Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. (1985). Systematic observational methods. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Hrsg.), Handbook of social psychology (3. Aufl., Bd. 1, S. 567–634). Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, S. G., Biesanz, J. C., & Pitts, S. C. (2000). Causal inference and generalization in field settings. In H. Reis & C. M. Judd (Hrsg.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (S. 40–84). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, M., Stiven, H., & Potter, J. (1987). Unequal egalitarianism: A preliminary study of discourses concerning gender and employment opportunities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 59–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universität Exeter, Exeter, Großbritannien

    Andrew G. Livingstone

  2. Universität Cardiff, Cardiff, Großbritannien

    Antony S. R. Manstead

Authors
  1. Andrew G. Livingstone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Antony S. R. Manstead
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew G. Livingstone .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Psychologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz

    Johannes Ullrich

  2. Fakultät für Verhaltens- und Sozialwissenschaften, Universität Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Wolfgang Stroebe

  3. Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Miles Hewstone

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Livingstone, A.G., Manstead, A.S.R. (2023). Forschungsmethoden in der Sozialpsychologie. In: Ullrich, J., Stroebe, W., Hewstone, M. (eds) Sozialpsychologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65297-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65297-8_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-65296-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-65297-8

  • eBook Packages: Psychology (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation