Abstract
Industry 4.0 can lead to significant competition law problems, but it does not have to. Basic starting points arise on one side out of the assignment of data, as previously mentioned in the set of problems regarding the involvement of several enterprises (this complex was concerned with the disputable question of to what extent there are access and exchange claims between the parties involved) as well as the issue which cooperations are allowed by competition law. On the other hand, there is the increasing transparency of marketplaces, which softens the actual competition securing isolation of individual economic actors (Spindler 2018, p. 164) through the informal exchange of information or by business partnering.
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Notes
- 1.
CJEU, Case T-201/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:289—Microsoft I; Case T-167/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:323—Microsoft II; Frenz (2016b), 671 also for following with further examples.
- 2.
ECJ, Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:132 (paragraph 44)—Compagnie maritime belge transports and others.; Schröter and Bartl (2015), Art. 102 TFEU (paragraph 83 et seq.).
- 3.
ECJ, Case C-418/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:257 (paragraphs 28 et seq.)—IMS Health; thereto Frenz (2016a), paragraphs 2068 et seq.
- 4.
See Weidenbach et al. (2012), pp. 66 et seq. As well as specifically for a software CJEU, Case T-201/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:289, (paragraphs 374 et seq.)—Microsoft I.
- 5.
ECJ, Case C-418/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:257 (paragraph 44)—IMS Health; CJEU, Case T-201/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:289 (paragraphs 647 et seq.)—Microsoft I.
- 6.
RegE BT-Drs. 12/23492, p. 81.
- 7.
See European Commission, notices from 14.1.2011 Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1, paragraph 61.
- 8.
See European Commission, Case KOME 92/157/EWG, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19, paragraphs 17 ff.
- 9.
See European Commission, Case KOME 1999/60/EG, OJ 1999 L 24, p. 1 (paragraph 138)—Fernwärmetechnik-Kartell; Roth and Ackermann (2018), Art. 81 paragraph 1 EG—Grundfragen, paragraph 117.
- 10.
Regulation (EU) No. 1217/2010 by the commission from 14th December 2010 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of research and development agreements OJ 2010 L 335, p. 36.
- 11.
See European Commission, Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1, paragraph 74.
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Frenz, W. (2022). Industry 4.0 and Competition Law. In: Frenz, W. (eds) Handbook Industry 4.0. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64448-5_14
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