Skip to main content

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Trauma Sequelae
  • 1139 Accesses

Abstract

EMDR stands for “Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing”. This eight-phase treatment concept describes the full process of trauma treatment. As described by Janet in 1889 and recommended in today’s treatment guidelines for PTSD, EMDR begins with trauma-specific history taking, treatment planning and stabilization. Only after sufficient stabilization, techniques for trauma resolution are applied. These are processing phases characteristic for EMDR. For each processing session, a stressful memory is selected and integrated in five steps: Assessment, desensitization, installation, body scan and closure. In the best-case scenario, the traumatic memory has lost its stressful quality at the end of therapy, and the client’s quality of life has improved significantly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature

  • Ahmad, A., Larsson, B., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007). EMDR treatment for children with PTSD: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alliger-Horn, C., Zimmermann, P., & Mitte, K. (2015). Vergleichende Wirksamkeit von IRRT und EMDR bei kriegstraumatisierten deutschen Soldaten. Trauma & Gewalt, 9(3), 204–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augustin, J., & Schubbe, O. (2003). Coaching und EMDR. In S. M. Schmitz-Buhl, M. Faulhammer, C. Rauen, et al. (Eds.), Coaching: Zukunft der Branche – Branche der Zukunft. Beiträge zur Wirtschaftspsychologie (pp. 9–15). Decker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, M., & Priebe, S. (1997). Psychopharmakotherapie. In A. Maercker (Ed.), Therapie der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen (pp. 179–190). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bisson, J., & Andrew, M. (2007). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD003388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., & Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(12), CD003388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm, K. (2015). Obsessive compulsive disorder and EMDR. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy scripted protocols and summery sheets: Treating trauma, anxiety and mood-related conditions (2nd ed.). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brink, A. (2014). Selbstkontrolle und emotionale Distanz gewinnen – Die Nutzung von Bildschirm und Fernbedienung. In K. Priebe & A. Dyer (Eds.), Metaphern, Geschichten und Symbole in der Traumatherapie. Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broad, R. D., & Wheeler, K. (2006). An adult with childhood medical trauma treated with psychoanalytic psychotherapy and EMDR: A case study. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 42(2), 95–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S., & Shapiro, F. (2006). EMDR in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Clinical Case Studies, 5(5), 403–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt, L. (2016). Behandlung der dissoziativen Identitätsstörung mit EMDR. In C. Rost (Ed.), EMDR zwischen Struktur und Kreativität. Bewährte Abläufe und neue Entwicklungen (pp. 251–266). Junfermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 3–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chemalie, Z., & Meadows, M. (2004). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of psychogenic seizures. Epilepsy and Behavior, 5, 784–787.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. G. (2002). Brief-treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related PTSD: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 99–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbetta, M., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T. E., Snyder, A. Z., Ollinger, J. M., Drury, H. A., Linenweber, M. R., Petersen, S. E., Raichle, M. E., Van Essen, D. C., & Shulman, G. L. (1998). A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements. Neuron, 21(4), 761–773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R. P., & Howard, M. D. (2007). Utilization of EMDR in the treatment of sexual addiction: A case study. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 14(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, P. R., & Parker, K. C. H. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(2), 305–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2006). Die Anwendung von EMDR bei der Behandlung spezifischer Phobien. In F. Lamprecht (Ed.), Praxisbuch EMDR (pp. 68–96). Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieffenbach, R. (2007). EMDR in der Akutversorgung psychisch traumatisierter Kinder und Jugendlicher. In T. Hensel (Ed.), EMDR mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Ein Handbuch (pp. 299–316). Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehle, J., Opmeer, B. C., Boer, F., Mannarino, A. P., & Lindauer, R. J. (2015). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: What works in children with posttraumatic stress symptoms? A randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 227–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, T., Sloan, L., & McCarty, D. (2004). Sexual abuse survivors’ perceptions of the effectiveness of EMDR and eclectic therapy. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(4), 259–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, A. (2010). Understanding and treating unwanted trauma memories in posttraumatic stress disorder. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 218, 141–145.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann, C. (2006). Allergie und EMDR – Der nächste Sommer kommt bestimmt. EMDRIA Rundbrief, 7, 20–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann, C. (2009). EMDR und chronischer Schmerz. In R. Plassmann (Ed.), Die Kunst, seelisches Wachstum zu fördern. Transformationsprozesse in der Psychotherapie (pp. 115–135). Psychosozial-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, I., & Faretta, E. (2007). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Clinical Case Studies, 6(1), 44–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flatten, G., Hofmann, A., Liebermann, P., et al. (2001). Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung. Schattauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S., & Lendl, J. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Initial applications for enhancing performance in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S., & Lendl, J. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Four cases of a new tool for executive coaching and restoring employee performance after setbacks. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 48, 155–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freiha, T., Lempertz, D., & Hofmann, A. (2015). Kinder und Jugendliche auf der Flucht – Wann und wie kann eine Traumatherapie helfen? Psychotherapie Aktuell, 7(4), 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freyberger, H. J., Spitzer, C., & Stieglitz, R. D. (2005). Fragebogen zu Dissoziativen Symptomen (FDS 20) (2. Aufl.). Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauhar, Y. W. (2016). The efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of depression. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10(2), 59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G-BA Unterausschuss Psychotherapie des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses. (2015). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) als Methode im Rahmen von Einzelpsychotherapie bei Erwachsenen im Anwendungsbereich Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen (PTBS). Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grand, D. (2003). Emotional healing at warp speed (pp. 145–156, 177–210). Present Tents Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. (2001). EMDR in der Psychotherapie mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Junfermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R., & Schmitt, T. A. (2008). Resolving early memories reduces the level of distress associated with later memories: Preliminary data. Paper presented at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hase, M. (2006). EMDR in der Behandlung der stoffgebundenen Abhängigkeit. In F. Lamprecht (Ed.), Praxisbuch EMDR (pp. 132–157). Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hase, M., Schallmayer, S., & Sack, M. (2008). EMDR reprocessing of the addiction memory: Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 170–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hase, M., Balmaceda, U. M., Hase, A., Lehnung, M., Tumani, V., Huchzermeier, C., & Hofmann, A. (2015). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the treatment of depression: A matched pairs study in an inpatient setting. Brain and Behavior, 5(6), e00342.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, T. (2007). EMDR mit Kindern und Jugendlichen: Ein Handbuch. Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, T. (2014). Traumapsychotherapie mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. In M. Krist, A. Wolcke, C. Weisbrod, & K. Ellermann-Boffo (Eds.), Herausforderung Trauma. Diagnosen, Interventionen und Kooperationen der Erziehungsberatung (pp. 106–132). Beltz Juventa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, A. (2004a). Die Absorptionstechnik, eine einfache Möglichkeit zur Ressourcenaktivierung (nach der “Wedge-Technik” HAP Manual 1999). EMDRIA Rundbrief, 4, 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, A. (2004b). EMDR bei schweren dissoziativen Störungen. In L. Reddemann, A. Hofmann, & U. Gast (Eds.), Psychotherapie der dissoziativen Störungen. Krankheitsmodelle und Therapiepraxis – störungsspezifisch und schulenübergreifend (pp. 131–139). Thieme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Högberg, G., Pagani, M., Sundin, O., et al. (2007). On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers – A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61(1), 54–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Högberg, G., et al. (2008). Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Outcome is stable in 35-month follow-up. Psychiatry Research, 159, 101–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ironson, G., Freund, B., Strauss, J. L., et al. (2002). Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 113–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janet, P. (1973). L’automatisme psychologique (Reprint). Société Pierre Janet. Erstveröff 1889, Félix Alcan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarero, I., & Artigas, L. (2012). The EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol: EMDR group treatment for early intervention following critical incidents. European Review of Applied Psychology/Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée, 62(4), 219–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarero, I., Uribe, S., Artigas, L., & Givaudan, M. (2015). EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: A randomized controlled trial in a technological disaster context. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9, 166–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, S. D. M., & Benbadis, S. (2007). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the psychological treatment of trauma-based psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14(2), 135–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchener, N. J. (2004). Psychological treatment of three urban fire fighters with post-traumatic stress disorder using eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Journal of Complementary Therapy, 10, 186–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchur, M. (2005). The strategic developmental model for EMDR. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions (pp. 8–56). Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konuk, E., Knipe, J., Eke, I., et al. (2006). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(3), 291–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kullack, C., & Laugharne, J. (2016). Standard EMDR protocol for alcohol and substance dependence comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder: Four cases with 12-month follow-up. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10(1), 33–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., Gavriel, H., Drummond, P., et al. (2002). Treatment of PTSD: Stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure compared to EMDR. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 1071–1089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leeds, A. M., & Korn, D. L. (2002). Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1465–1487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehnung, M. (2016). EMDR in der Behandlung von psychosomatischen Erkrankungen. In C. Rost (Ed.), EMDR zwischen Struktur und Kreativität. Bewährte Abläufe und neue Entwicklungen (pp. 201–210). Junfermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehnung, M., Hofmann, A., & Hase, M. (2016). EMDR bei depressiven Erkrankungen. In C. Rost (Ed.), EMDR zwischen Struktur und Kreativität. Bewährte Abläufe und neue Entwicklungen (pp. 211–221). Junfermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M., & Hautzinger, M. (Eds.). (2011). Verhaltenstherapiemanual. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüdecke, C., Voigt, W., Teunißen, S., & Schäfer, I. (2013). Behandlung von Patienten mit Suchtproblemen. In M. Sack, U. Sachsse, & J. Schellong (Eds.), Komplexe Traumafolgestörungen. Diagnostik und Behandlung von Folgen schwerer Gewalt und Vernachlässigung (pp. 447–464). Schattauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maercker, A., & Rosner, R. (Eds.). (2006). Psychotherapie der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung. Thieme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, S. V., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practic Training, 34(4), 307–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, S. V., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (2004). Three- and 6-month follow-up of EMDR treatment of PTSD in an HMO setting. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(3), 195–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxfield, L., & Hyer, L. A. (2002). The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment on PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 23–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosquera, D., Leeds, A. M., & Gonzalez, A. (2014). Application of EMDR therapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8(2), 74–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Münker-Kramer, E. (2017). EMDR – Entwicklung, Praxis und Veränderung. Psychotherapie Forum, 22(1–2), 31–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1947). Psychologie der Intelligenz. Rascher.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Plassmann, R. (2014). EMDR in der Essstörungsbehandlung. In R. Plassmann (Ed.), Die Kunst, seelisches Wachstum zu fördern. Transformationsprozesse in der Psychotherapie (pp. 205–219). Psychosozial-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popky, A. J. (2005). DeTUR, an urge reduction protocol for addictions and dysfunctional behaviors. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions (pp. 167–188). Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Power, K., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., et al. (2002). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of PTSD. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 23, 665–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodenburg, R., Benjamin, A., Roos, C. D., Meijer, A. M., & Stams, G. J. (2009). Efficacy of EMDR in children: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 599–606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rost, C. (2009). EMDR in der Behandlung von Trauma bedingten Angststörungen. In R. Plassmann (Ed.), Im eigenen Rhythmus. Die EMDR-Behandlung von Essstörungen, Bindungsstörungen, Allergien, Schmerz, Angststörungen, Tinnitus und Süchten (pp. 149–153). Psychosozial-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rost, C. (2016). EMDR zwischen Struktur und Kreativität: Bewährte Abläufe und neue Entwicklungen. Junfermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 607–616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. C. (2006). Treating combat-related stress disorders: A multiple case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with battlefield casualties from the Iraqi War. Military Psychology, 18(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. C., Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., & Darnell, J. N. (2007). Responding to an identified need: A joint department of defense/department of veterans’ affairs training program in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for clinicians providing trauma services. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(1), 61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sack, M. (2010). Schonende Traumatherapie – Ressourcenorientierte Behandlung von Traumafolgestörungen. Schattauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sack, M., Zehl, S., Otti, A., Lahmann, C., Henningsen, P., Kruse, J., & Stingl, M. (2016). A comparison of dual attention, eye movements, and exposure only during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(6), 357–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schouler-Ocak, M. (2017). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Traumazentrierte Psychotherapie bei Patienten mit Fluchthintergrund. = Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Trauma-centered psychotherapy in patients with migration background. Psychotherapeut, 62(4), 314–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schubbe, O. (2002). EMDR in der Therapie mit psychisch traumatisierten Jugendlichen. Viele Seelen wohnen doch in meiner Brust. In B. Metzmacher (Ed.), Identitätsarbeit in der Psychotherapie mit Jugendlichen (pp. 181–194). Verlag für Psychotherapie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubbe, O., & Gruyters, T. (2018). EMDR. In G. Seidler, H. Freyberger, & A. Maercker (Hrsg.), Handbuch der Psychotraumatologie (3. Aufl.). Klett-Clotta Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidler, G. H., & Wagner, F. E. (2006). Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD. A meta-analytic study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1515–1522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F. (1985). Neuro-linguistic programming – The new success technology. Holistic Life Magazine, Summer, 2, 41–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F. (1988). Efficacy of the multi-saccadic movement desensitization technique in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Dissertation order number LD01298, The Professional School of Psychological Studies, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (3. Aufl.). Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smucker, M., & Vetter, S. (1997). Imagery Rescripting: Therapiemanual zur Behandlung von posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen (PTSD) nach sexuellem Missbrauch. Vetter Druck AG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton, J. A., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Efficacy of various treatments for PTSD in battered women: Case studies. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21(1), 91–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stickgold, R. (2002). EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 61–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stickgold, R. (2008). Sleep-dependent memory processing and EMDR action. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 289–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarquinio, C., Brennstuhl, M.-J., Rydberg, J. A., Schmitt, A., Mouda, F., Lourel, M., & Tarquinio, P. (2012). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the treatment of victims of domestic violence: A pilot study. European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 205–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tesarz, J., Seidler, G., & Eich, W. (2015). Schmerzen behandeln mit EMDR. Das Praxishandbuch. Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinker, R., & Wilson, S. (2000). EMDR mit Kindern: Ein Handbuch. Junfermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinker, R. H., & Wilson, S. A. (2005). The phantom limb pain control. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions (pp. 147–159). Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triscari, M. T., Faraci, P., Catalisano, D., D’Angelo, V., & Urso, V. (2015). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy integrated with systematic desensitization, cognitive behavioral therapy combined with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy combined with virtual reality exposure therapy methods in the treatment of flight anxiety: A randomized trial. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 2591–2598.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Urzt, A. (2015). Nach dem Infarkt. Behandlung Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörungen mit EMDR in Folge einer Herzerkrankung. Trauma & Gewalt, 1, 66–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valiente-Gómez, A., Moreno-Alcázar, A., Treen, D., Cedrón, C., Colom, F., Pérez, V., & Amann, B. L. (2017). EMDR beyond PTSD: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1668.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg, D., de Bont, P., van der Vleugel, B., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., Van Minnen, A., & van der Gaag, M. (2015). Prolonged exposure vs eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with a psychotic disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(3), 259–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk, B. A., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M. E., et al. (2007). A randomized clinical trial of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), fluoxetine, and pill placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment effects and long-term maintenance. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(1), 37–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogelmann-Sine, S. (1998). EMDR behandlungsmanual für stoffgebundene Süchte. Institut für Traumatherapie.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Saint Paul, N. (2008). Aus der Fülle … Ressourcen- und Körperorientierung in der traumatherapeutischen Arbeit. L.O.G.O.S. Interdisziplinär, 16(3), 166–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, B. V., Schnurr, P. P., Mayo, L., Young-Xu, Y., Weeks, W. B., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, 541–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wicking, M., Maier, C., Tesarz, J., & Bernardy, K. (2017). EMDR als psychotherapeutischer Ansatz in der Schmerztherapie. Ist “eye movement desensitization and reprocessing” eine wirksame Therapie bei Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen ohne posttraumatische Belastungsstörung? Der Schmerz, 31(5), 456–462.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wöller, W., & Kruse, J. (2014). Tiefenpsychologisch fundierte Psychotherapie (4. Aufl.). Schattauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zengin, F. (2009). Behandlung von Hörsturz und Tinnitus mit EMDR-Therapie. In R. Plassmann (Ed.), Die Kunst, seelisches Wachstum zu fördern. Transformationsprozesse in der Psychotherapie (pp. 201–207). Psychosozial-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, P., Guse, U., Barre, K., & Biesold, K. H. (2005). EMDR-Therapie in der Bundeswehr – Untersuchung zur Wirksamkeit bei posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung. Krankenhauspsychiatrie, 16(2), 57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. Schubbe .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schubbe, O., Brink, A. (2022). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). In: Maercker, A. (eds) Trauma Sequelae. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64057-9_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics