Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prostatakarzinom: Epidemiologie und Risikofaktoren

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Uroonkologie

Part of the book series: Springer Reference Medizin ((SRM))

  • 219 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Das Prostatakarzinom ist eines der weltweit häufigsten Malignome der männlichen Bevölkerung. Im Jahr 2014 wurden nach Angaben des Robert Koch-Instituts über 57.000 Neuerkrankungen in Deutschland beobachtet, und die Prognose für das Jahr 2018 rechnet mit fast 61.000 neu erkannten Patienten. In Deutschland starben im Jahr 2015 fast 14.000 Männer an einem Prostatakarzinom, damit steht das Prostatakarzinom insgesamt an 6. Stelle der Todesursachen von Männern und ist hinter dem Bronchialkarzinom (ca. 29.000 Sterbefälle), aber noch vor dem Kolonkarzinom mit etwas unter 8600 Sterbefällen die häufigste malignomassoziierte Todesursache. Risikofaktoren stellen neben einem erhöhten Lebensalter, vor allem eine positive Familienanamnese sowie eine afroamerikanische Abstammung dar. Weitere potenzielle Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung eines Prostatakarzinoms sind Nahrungsmittel, Infektionen und die Lebensführung.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  • Ahn J, Peters U, Albanes D et al (2008) Serum vitamin D concentration and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:796

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahonen MH, Tenkanen L, Teppo L et al (2000) Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 11:847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albanes D, Blair A, Taylor PR (1989) Physical activity and risk of cancer in the NHANES I population. Am J Public Health 79:744

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Allott EH, Masko EM, Freedland SJ (2013) Obesity and prostate cancer: weighing the evidence. Eur Urol 6(5):800–809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society (2003) Cancer facts and figures 2003. American Cancer Society, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson SO, Wolk A, Bergstrom R et al (1996) Energy, nutrient intake and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 68:716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson SO, Wolk A, Bergstrom R et al (1997) Body size and prostate cancer: a 20-year follow-up study among 135006 Swedish construction workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andriole GL, Bostwick DG, Brawley OW et al (2010) Effect of dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 362:1192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong B, Doll R (1975) Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 15(4):617–631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attard G, Parker C, Eeles RA, Schroder F, Tomlins SA, Tannock I et al (2016) Prostate cancer. Lancet 387(10013):70–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS et al (2015) Diary producty, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 101(1):87–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bai XY, Qu X, Jiang X, Xu Z, Yang Y, Su Q, Wang M, Wu H (2015) Association between dietary vitamin C intake and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis involving 103,658 subjects. J Cancer 6(9):913–921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baillargeon J, Pollock BH, Kristal AR et al (2005) The association of body mass index and prostate-specific antigen in a population-based study. Cancer 103:1092

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell KJ, Del Mar C, Wright G, Dickinson J, Glasziou P (2015) Prevalence of incidental prostate cancer: a systematic review of autopsy studies. Int J Cancer 137(7):1749–1757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benafif S, Eeles R (2016) Genetic predisposition to prostate cancer. Br Med Bull 120(1):75–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berndt SI, Carter HB, Landis PK et al (2002) Calcium intake and prostate cancer risk in a long-term aging study: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Urology 60:1118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonn SE, Sjölander A, Lagerros YT et al (2014) Physical activity and survival among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 24(1):57–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brasky TM, Darke AK, Song X, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Thompson IM et al (2013) Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in the SELECT trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:1132–1141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Braun MM, Helzlsouer KJ, Hollis BW et al (1995) Prostate cancer and prediagnostic levels of serum vitamin D metabolites (Maryland, United States). Cancer Causes Control 6:235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks JD, Metter EJ, Chan DW et al (2001) Plasma selenium level before diagnosis and the risk of prostate cancer development. J Urol 166:2034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caini S, Gandini S, Dudas M, Bremer V, Severi E, Gherasim A (2014) Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 38(4):329–338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K et al (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348:1625

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter BS, Bova GS, Beaty TH et al (1993) Hereditary prostate cancer: epidemiologic and clinical features. J Urol 150:797

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro E, Goh C, Olmos D, Saunders E, Leongamornlert D, Tymrakiewicz M et al (2013) Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 31(14):1748–1757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Center MM, Jemal A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Ward E, Ferlay J, Brawley O et al (2012) International variation in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Eur Urol 61(6):1079–1092

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JM, Giovannucci EL (2001) Vegetables, fruits, associated micronutrients, and risk of prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev 23:82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JM, Giovannucci E, Andersson SO et al (1998) Dairy products, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and risk of prostate cancer (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 9:559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J et al (1999) Supplemental vitamin E intake and prostate cancer risk in a large cohort of men in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 8:893

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JM, Pietinen P, Virtanen M et al (2000) Diet and prostate cancer risk in a cohort of smokers, with a specific focus on calcium and phosphorus (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 11:859

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J et al (2001) Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physicians’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 74:549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang S, Hursting SD, Contois JH et al (2001) Leptin and prostate cancer. Prostate 46:62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen P et al (2015) Lycopene and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 94(33):e1260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW et al (1996) Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 276:1957

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Schwartz SJ et al (1996) cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 5:823

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JH, Kristal AR, Stanford JL (2000) Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conlon EM, Goode EL, Gibbs M et al (2003) Oligogenic segregation analysis of hereditary prostate cancer pedigrees: evidence for multiple loci affecting age at onset. Int J Cancer 105:630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corder EH, Guess HA, Hulka BS et al (1993) Vitamin D and prostate cancer: a prediagnostic study with stored sera. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2:467

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costello LC, Franklin RB, Feng P et al (2005) Zinc and prostate cancer: a critical scientific, medical and public interest issue. Cancer Causes Control 16:901–915

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coughlin SS, Neaton JD, Sengupta A (1996) Cigarette smoking as a predictor of death from prostate cancer in 348,874 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Epidemiol 143:1002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe FL, Key TJ, Appleby PN et al (2008) Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniell HW (1995) A worse prognosis for smokers with prostate cancer. J Urol 154:153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson S, Fiorentino M, Andren O, Fang F, Mucci LA, Varenhorst E et al (2011) Inflammation, focal atrophic lesions, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with respect to risk of lethal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 20(10):2280–2287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, Persky V et al (1996) Dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C, and risk of prostate cancer: results from the Western Electric Study. Epidemiology 7:472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis LK (2000) Meta-analysis for combining relative risks of alcohol consumption and prostate cancer. Prostate 42:56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis LK, Dawson DV (2002) Meta-analysis of measures of sexual activity and prostate cancer. Epidemiology 13:72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeSantis CE, Siegel RL, Sauer AG, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Alcaraz KI et al (2016) Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2016: progress and opportunities in reducing racial disparities. CA Cancer J Clin 66(4):290–308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K et al (1994) Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ 309:901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Donkena KV, Young CY (2011) Vitamin D, sunlight and prostate cancer risk. Adv Prev Med 2011:281863

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Downer MK, Batista JL, Mucci LA et al (2017) Dairy intake in relation to prostate cancer survival. Int J Cancer 140(9):2060–2069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Easton DF, Schaid DJ, Whittemore AS et al (2003) Where are the prostate cancer genes? – a summary of eight genome wide searches. Prostate 57:261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichholzer M, Stahelin HB, Gey KF et al (1996) Prediction of male cancer mortality by plasma levels of interacting vitamins: 17-year follow-up of the prospective Basel study. Int J Cancer 66:145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein MM, Kasperzyk JL, Mucci LA et al (2012) Dietary fatty acid intake and prostate cancer survival in Örebro County, Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 176(3):240–252

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing CM, Ray AM, Lange EM, Zuhlke KA, Robbins CM, Tembe WD et al (2012) Germline mutations in HOXB13 and prostate-cancer risk. N Engl J Med 366(2):141–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • FACTSHEET E (2012) http://eu-cancer.iarc.fr/EUCAN/CancerOne.aspx?Cancer=29&Gender=1

  • Freedland SJ, Platz EA, Presti JC Jr et al (2006) Obesity, serum prostate specific antigen and prostate size: implications for prostate cancer detection. J Urol 175:500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Sacks FM et al (1994) Prospective study of plasma fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gann PH, Ma J, Hennekens CH et al (1996) Circulating vitamin D metabolites in relation to subsequent development of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 5:121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geybels MS, Verhage BA, van Schooten FJ et al (2013) Advanced prostate cancer risk in relation to toenail serum levels. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(18):1394–1401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giles GG, Severi G, English DR et al (2003) Sexual factors and prostate cancer. BJU Int 92:211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA et al (1993) A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB et al (1995) Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1767

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Wolk A et al (1998) Calcium and fructose intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 58:442

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y et al (2002) A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y et al (2003) A prospective study of cruciferous vegetables and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 12:1403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giri VN, Beebe-Dimmer JL (2016) Familial prostate cancer. Semin Oncol 43(5):560–565

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Glover FE Jr, Coffey DS, Douglas LL et al (1998a) Familial study of prostate cancer in Jamaica. Urology 52:441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glover FE Jr, Coffey DS, Douglas LL et al (1998b) The epidemiology of prostate cancer in Jamaica. J Urol 159:1984

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godley PA, Campbell MK, Gallagher P et al (1996) Biomarkers of essential fatty acid consumption and risk of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 5:889

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong G, Oakley-Girvan I, Wu AH et al (2002) Segregation analysis of prostate cancer in 1,719 white, African-American and Asian-American families in the United States and Canada. Cancer Causes Control 13:471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant WB (1999) An ecologic study of dietary links to prostate cancer. Altern Med Rev 4:162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurel B, Lucia MS, Thompson IM Jr, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Kristal AR et al (2014) Chronic inflammation in benign prostate tissue is associated with high-grade prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 23(5):847–856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haenszel W, Kurihara M (1968) Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 40:43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hankey BF, Feuer EJ, Clegg LX et al (1999) Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer – part I: Evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD et al (2001) Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:724

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman TJ, Albanes D, Rautalahti M et al (1998) Physical activity and prostate cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 9:11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvei S, Bjerve KS, Tretli S et al (1997) Prediagnostic level of fatty acids in serum phospholipids: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 71:545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RB, Ziegler RG, Gridley G et al (1999) Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 8:25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RB, Pottern LM, Strickler H et al (2000) Sexual behaviour, STDs and risks for prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 82:718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J et al (1998) Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ et al (2000) Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:2018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiatt RA, Armstrong MA, Klatsky AL et al (1994) Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States). Cancer Causes Control 5:66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman RM, Gilliland FD, Eley JW et al (2001) Racial and ethnic differences in advanced-stage prostate cancer: the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hrbacek J, Urban M, Hamsikova E, Tachezy R, Heracek J (2013) Thirty years of research on infection and prostate cancer: no conclusive evidence for a link. A systematic review. Urol Oncol 31(7):951–965

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsing AW (2001) Hormones and prostate cancer: what’s next? Epidemiol Rev 23:42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsing AW, Devesa SS (2001) Trends and patterns of prostate cancer: what do they suggest? Epidemiol Rev 23:3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsing AW, Comstock GW, Abbey H et al (1990a) Serologic precursors of cancer. Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherol and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:941

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Schuman LM et al (1990b) Diet, tobacco use, and fatal prostate cancer: results from the Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study. Cancer Res 50:6836

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Hrubec Z et al (1991) Tobacco use and prostate cancer: 26-year follow-up of US veterans. Am J Epidemiol 133:437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu A, Bruno RS, Lohr CV et al (2011) Dietary soy and tea mitigate chronic inflammation and prostate cancer via NFkappaB pathway in the Noble rat model. J Nutr Biochem 22:502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Norkus EP et al (2003) Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol 157:335

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iguchi K, Hamatake M, Ishida R et al (1998) Induction of necrosis by zinc in prostate carcinoma cells and identification of proteins increased in association with this induction. Eur J Biochem 253:766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ilic D, Misso M (2012) Lycopene for the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: a systematic review. Maturitas 72:269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain MG, Hislop GT, Howe GR et al (1999) Plant foods, antioxidants, and prostate cancer risk: findings from case-control studies in Canada. Nutr Cancer 34:173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Venugopal M et al (1996) Flow cytometric and ultrastructural aspects of the synergistic antitumor activity of vitamin C-vitamin K3 combinations against human prostatic carcinoma cells. Tissue Cell 28:687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal A, Fedewa SA, Ma J, Siegel R, Lin CC, Brawley O et al (2015) Prostate cancer incidence and PSA testing patterns in relation to USPSTF screening recommendations. JAMA 314(19):2054–2061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal A, Ward EM, Johnson CJ, Cronin KA, Ma J, Ryerson B et al (2017) Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2014, featuring survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 109(9):djx030

    Google Scholar 

  • John EM, Stern MC, Sinha R et al (2011) Meat consumption, cooking practices, meat mutagens, and risk of prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer 63:525

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen NF, Tjonneland A, Thomsen BL et al (2009) Physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Int J Cancer 125:902

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan LA, Stein EA, Willett WC et al (1987) Reference ranges of retinol, tocopherols, lycopene and alpha- and beta-carotene in plasma by simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Clin Physiol Biochem 5:297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Key TJ, Silcocks PB, Davey GK et al (1997) A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 76:678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Key TJ, Allen N, Appleby P et al (2004) Fruits and vegetables and prostate cancer: no association among 1104 cases in a prospective study of 130544 men in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 109:119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Key TJ, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Albanes D, Alberg AJ, Barricarte A et al (2015) Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies. Am J Clin Nutr 102:1142–1157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kicinski M, Vangronsveld J, Nawrot TS (2011) An epidemiological reappraisal of the familial aggregation of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 6(10):e27130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klap J, Schmid M, Loughlin KR (2015) The relationship between total testosterone levels and prostate cancer: a review of the continuing controversy. J Urol 193(2):403–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM et al (2011) Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 306:1549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knekt P, Aromaa A, Maatela J et al (1990) Serum selenium and subsequent risk of cancer among Finnish men and women. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:864

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolonel LN, Yoshizawa CN, Hankin JH (1988) Diet and prostatic cancer: a case-control study in Hawaii. Am J Epidemiol 127:999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Whittemore AS et al (2000) Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 9:795

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristal AR, Lampe JW (2002) Brassica vegetables and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 42:1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristal AR, Stanford JL, Cohen JH et al (1999) Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 8:887

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristal AR, Cohen JH, Qu P et al (2002) Associations of energy, fat, calcium, and vitamin D with prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 11:719

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kritchevsky D (1999) Caloric restriction and experimental carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci 52:13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushi L, Giovannucci E (2002) Dietary fat and cancer. Am J Med 113(Suppl 9B):63S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey JV Jr, Deng J, Dosemeci M et al (2001) Prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia and physical activity in Shanghai, China. Int J Epidemiol 30:341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langeberg WJ, Isaacs WB, Stanford JL (2007) Genetic etiology of hereditary prostate cancer. Front Biosci 12:4101–4110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Wilkens LR et al (1994) Animal fat consumption and prostate cancer: a prospective study in Hawaii. Epidemiology 5:276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leifke E, Gorenoi V, Wichers C et al (2000) Age-related changes of serum sex hormones, insulin-like growth factor-1 and sex-hormone binding globulin levels in men: cross-sectional data from a healthy male cohort. Clin Endocrinol 53:689

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Wu K et al (2003) Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL et al (2004) A prospective study of plasma selenium levels and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang JY, Liu YY, Zou J et al (1999) Inhibitory effect of zinc on human prostatic carcinoma cell growth. Prostate 40:200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S, Lee IM, Linson P et al (2000) A prospective study of physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in US physicians. Int J Epidemiol 29:29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lokeshwar BL, Schwartz GG, Selzer MG et al (1999) Inhibition of prostate cancer metastasis in vivo: a comparison of 1,23-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) and EB1089. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 8:241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S et al (2005) Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293:1338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotufo PA, Lee IM, Ajani UA et al (2000) Cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer in the physicians’ health study (United States). Int J Cancer 87:141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu QY, Hung JC, Heber D et al (2001) Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 10:749

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu W, Chen H, Niu Y et al (2016) Diary products intake and cancer mortality risk: a meta-analysis of 11 population-based cohort studies. Nutr J 15(1):91

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund Nilsen TI, Johnsen R, Vatten LJ (2000) Socio-economic and lifestyle factors associated with the risk of prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 82:1358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luscombe CJ, Fryer AA, French ME et al (2001) Exposure to ultraviolet radiation: association with susceptibility and age at presentation with prostate cancer. Lancet 358:641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch HT, Kosoko-Lasaki O, Leslie SW, Rendell M, Shaw T, Snyder C et al (2016) Screening for familial and hereditary prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 138(11):2579–2591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmud SM, Franco EL, Turner D, Platt RW, Beck P, Skarsgard D et al (2011) Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer risk: a population-based nested case-control study. PLoS One 6(1):e16412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maramag C, Menon M, Balaji KC et al (1997) Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis. Prostate 32:188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mawson CA, Fischer MI (1952) The occurrence of zinc in the human prostate gland. Can J Med Sci 30:336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor SE, Courneya KS, Kopciuk KA et al (2013) Case-control study of life-time alcohol intake and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 24(3):451–461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menon M, Maramag C, Malhotra RK et al (1998) Effect of vitamin C on androgen independent prostate cancer cells (PC3 and Mat-Ly-Lu) in vitro: involvement of reactive oxygen species-effect on cell number, viability and DNA synthesis. Cancer Biochem Biophys 16:17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill RM, Lyon JL (2000) Explaining the difference in prostate cancer mortality rates between white and black men in the United States. Urology 55:730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michaud DS, Augustsson K, Rimm EB et al (2001) A prospective study on intake of animal products and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 12:557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL et al (1989) Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in Adventist men. Cancer 64:598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Möller H, Roswall N, Van Hemelrijck M et al (2015) Prostate cancer incidence, clinical stage and survival in relation to obesity: a prospective cohort study in Denmark. Int J Cancer 136:1940–1947

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira DM, Nickel JC, Gerber L, Muller RL, Andriole GL, Castro-Santamaria R et al (2014) Baseline prostate inflammation is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy: results from the REDUCE study. Cancer 120(2):190–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morganti G, Gianferrari L, Cresseri A et al (1956) Clinico-statistical and genetic research on neoplasms of the prostate. Acta Genet Stat Med 6:304

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey C, Watson RW (2003) Phytoestrogens and prostate cancer. Curr Drug Targets 4:231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee P, Sotnikov AV, Mangian HJ et al (1999) Energy intake and prostate tumor growth, angiogenesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murad AS, Down L, Davey Smith G, Donovan JL, Athene Lane J, Hamdy FC et al (2011) Associations of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and paracetamol use with PSA-detected prostate cancer: findings from a large, population-based, case-control study (the ProtecT study). Int J Cancer 128(6):1442–1448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagao M (1999) A new approach to risk estimation of food-borne carcinogens – heterocyclic amines – based on molecular information. Mutat Res 431:3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura AM (2001) Body size and prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev 23:126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Lee J et al (1997) Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 6:487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura AM, Lee J, Stemmermann GN et al (2000) Serum selenium and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 9:883

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norrish AE, Ferguson LR, Knize MG et al (1999) Heterocyclic amine content of cooked meat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:2038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norrish AE, Jackson RT, Sharpe SJ et al (2000) Men who consume vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated fat: their dietary patterns and risk of prostate cancer (New Zealand). Cancer Causes Control 11:609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oefelein MG, Resnick MI (2004) Association of tobacco use with hormone refractory disease and survival of patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 171:2281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oishi K, Okada K, Yoshida O et al (1988) A case-control study of prostatic cancer with reference to dietary habits. Prostate 12:179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osegbe DN (1997) Prostate cancer in Nigerians: facts and nonfacts. J Urol 157:1340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papa NP, MacInnis RJ, English DR, Bolton D, Davis ID, Lawrentschuk N, Millar JL, Pedersen J, Severi G, Southey MC, Hopper JL, Giles GG (2017) Ejaculatory frequency and the risk of aggressive prostate cancer: Findings from a case-control study. Urol Oncol 35(8):530.e7–530.e13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Cornago A, Appleby PN, Pischon T et al (2017) Tall height and obesity are associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer: results of the EPIC cohort study. BMC Med 15:115

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pischon T, Boeing H, Weikert S et al (2008) Body size and risk of prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 17:3252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platz EA (2002) Energy imbalance and prostate cancer. J Nutr 132:3471S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Platz EA, Helzlsouer KJ, Hoffman SC et al (2002) Prediagnostic toenail cadmium and zinc and subsequent prostate cancer risk. Prostate 52:288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polednak AP (1976) College athletics, body size, and cancer mortality. Cancer 38:382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potosky AL, Kessler L, Gridley G et al (1990) Rise in prostatic cancer incidence associated with increased use of transurethral resection. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:1624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potosky AL, Miller BA, Albertsen PC et al (1995) The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. JAMA 273:548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell IJ, Banerjee M, Novallo M et al (2000) Prostate cancer biochemical recurrence stage for stage is more frequent among African-American than white men with locally advanced but not organ-confined disease. Urology 55:246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad AS (1995) Zinc: an overview. Nutrition 11:93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preston MA, Wilson KM, Markt SC, Ge R, Morash C, Stampfer MJ et al (2014) 5alpha-Reductase inhibitors and risk of high-grade or lethal prostate cancer. JAMA Intern Med 174(8):1301–1307

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi D, Wu C, Liu F, Gu K, Shi Z, Lin X et al (2015) Trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Shanghai, China from 1973 to 2009. Prostate 75(14):1662–1668

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qin LQ, Xu JY, Wang PY et al (2004) Milk consumption is a risk factor for prostate cancer: meta-analysis of case-control studies. Nutr Cancer 48:22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richman EL et al (2011) Physical activity after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression: data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor. Cancer Res 71(11):3889–3895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rider JR, Wilson KM, Sinnott JA, Kelly RS, Mucci LA, Giovannucci EL (2016) Ejaculation frequency and risk of prostate cancer: updated results with an additional decade of follow-up. Eur Urol 70(6):974–982

    Google Scholar 

  • Rishi I, Baidouri H, Abbasi JA et al (2003) Prostate cancer in Afro-American men is associated with down-regulation of zinc transporters. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 11:253–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert Koch-Institut – RKI (2017) http://www.rki.de/Krebs/DE/Content/Krebsarten/Prostatakrebs/prostatakrebs_node.html. Zugegriffen am 03.07.2018

  • Roberts WW, Platz EA, Walsh PC (2003) Association of cigarette smoking with extraprostatic prostate cancer in young men. J Urol 169:512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE et al (2001) Body mass index, height, and prostate cancer mortality in two large cohorts of adult men in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 10:345

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez C, McCullough ML, Mondul AM et al (2003) Calcium, dairy products, and risk of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of United States men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 12:597

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrmann S, Roberts WW, Walsh PC et al (2003) Family history of prostate cancer and obesity in relation to high-grade disease and extraprostatic extension in young men with prostate cancer. Prostate 55:140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Allen N et al (2012) Smoking and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Br J Cancer 108:708–714

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Allen N, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Johnsen NF, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Kaaks R, Teucher B, Boeing H, Pischon T, Lagiou P, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Krogh V, Tumino R, Ricceri F, Argüelles Suárez MV, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, Boshuizen H, van Kranen HJ, Stattin P, Johansson M, Bjartell A, Ulmert D, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Ferrari P, Romieux I, Gunter MJ, Riboli E, Key TJ (2013) Smoking and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Br J Cancer 108(3):708–714

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rose DP, Boyar AP, Wynder EL (1986) International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon, and per capita food consumption. Cancer 58(11):2363–2371

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E et al (1998) Vegetable and fruit consumption and prostate cancer risk: a cohort study in the Netherlands. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 7:673

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurman AG, van den Brandt PA, Dorant E et al (1999) Association of energy and fat intake with prostate carcinoma risk: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer 86:1019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E et al (2000) Anthropometry in relation to prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 151:541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS et al (1989) A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res 49:1857

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2018) Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 68:7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sies H, Stahl W (1995) Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr 62:1315S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sim HG, Cheng CW (2005) Changing demography of prostate cancer in Asia. Eur J Cancer 41:834

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz MR, Strom SS, Yamamura Y et al (2000) Epidemiologic determinants of clinically relevant prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 89:259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sporn MB, Roberts AB (1984) Role of retinoids in differentiation and carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 73:1381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl W, Sies H (1992) Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans. J Nutr 122:2161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanford JL, Ostrander EA (2001) Familial prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev 23:19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Statistisches Bundesamt – DESTATIS (2017). https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Gesundheit/Todesursachen/Tabellen/SterbefaelleMaennlich.html

  • Stattin P, Soderberg S, Hallmans G et al (2001) Leptin is associated with increased prostate cancer risk: a nested case-referent study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1341

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sung V, Feldman D (2000) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases human prostate cancer cell adhesion and migration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 164:133–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe S, Viscidi RP, Till C, Goodman PJ, Hoque AM, Hsing AW et al (2010) Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, and 31 serostatus and prostate cancer risk in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 19(2):614–618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe S, Till C, Gaydos CA, Jenkins FJ, Goodman PJ, Hoque AM et al (2012) Prospective study of cytomegalovirus serostatus and prostate cancer risk in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Causes Control 23(9):1511–1518

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe S, Till C, Jenkins FJ, Gaydos CA, Goodman PJ, Hoque AM et al (2015) Prospective study of human herpesvirus type 8 serostatus and prostate cancer risk in the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Causes Control 26(1):35–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tantamango-Bartley Y, Knutsen SF, Knutsen R, Jacobsen BK, Fan J, Beeson WL et al (2016) Are strict vegetarians protected against prostate cancer? Am J Clin Nutr 103:153–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tavani A, Gallus S, Franceschi S et al (2001) Calcium, dairy products, and the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 48:118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor ML, Mainous AG 3rd, Wells BJ (2005) Prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases: a meta-analysis. Fam Med 37:506

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teerlink CC, Thibodeau SN, McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, Rinckleb A, Maier C et al (2014) Association analysis of 9,560 prostate cancer cases from the International Consortium of Prostate Cancer Genetics confirms the role of reported prostate cancer associated SNPs for familial disease. Hum Genet 133(3):347–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group (1994) The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 330:1029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson HJ, Jiang W, Zhu Z (1999) Mechanisms by which energy restriction inhibits carcinogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 470:77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM et al (2003) The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 349:215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuohimaa P, Tenkanen L, Ahonen M et al (2004) Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer 108:104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez-Salas RA, Torres-Sánchez L, López-Carrillo L, Romero-Martínez M, Manzanilla-García HA, Cruz-Ortíz CH, Mendoza-Peña F, Jiménez-Ríos MÁ, Rodríguez-Covarrubias F, Hernández-Toríz N, Moreno-Alcázar O (2016) History of gonorrhea and prostate cancer in a population-based case-control study in Mexico. Cancer Epidemiol 40:95–101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veierod MB, Laake P, Thelle DS (1997) Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer: a prospective study of 25,708 Norwegian men. Int J Cancer 73:634

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhage BA, Baffoe-Bonnie AB, Baglietto L et al (2001) Autosomal dominant inheritance of prostate cancer: a confirmatory study. Urology 57:97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK et al (2003) Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up. JAMA 290:476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt TM, Mayne ST, Graubard BI et al (2002) Serum lycopene, other serum carotenoids, and risk of prostate cancer in US Blacks and Whites. Am J Epidemiol 155:1023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt TM, Ziegler RG, Graubard BI et al (2003) Serum selenium and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. blacks and whites. Int J Cancer 103:664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace TA, Prueitt RL, Yi M, Howe TM, Gillespie JW, Yfantis HG et al (2008) Tumor immunobiological differences in prostate cancer between African-American and European-American men. Cancer Res 68:927–936

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Sesso HD, Glynn RJ et al (2013) Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 100(3):915–923

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YC, Chung CH, Chen JH, Chiang MH, Ti-Yin, Tsao CH, Lin FH, Chien WC, Shang ST, Chang FY (2017) Gonorrhea infection increases the risk of prostate cancer in Asian population: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 36(5):813–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, Wu AH et al (1995) Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KM, Shui IM, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E (2015) Calcium and phosphorus intake and prostate cancer risk: a 24-y follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr 101:173–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KM, Mucci LA, Drake BF, Preston MA, Stampfer MJ, Giovanucci E, Kibel SA (2016) Meat, fish, poultry and egg intake at diagnosisand risk of prostate cancer progression. Cancer Prev Res 9(12):933–941

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolin KY, Carson K, Colditz GA (2010) Obesity and cancer. Oncologist 15:556

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Dimitrov L, Chang BL et al (2005) A combined genomewide linkage scan of 1,233 families for prostate cancer-susceptibility genes conducted by the international consortium for prostate cancer genetics. Am J Hum Genet 77:219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Xie S, Feng X, Chen Y, Zheng T, Dai M, Zhou CK, Hu Z, Li N, Hang D (2015) Worldwide prevalence of human papillomavirus and relative risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 5:14667

    Google Scholar 

  • Yli-Hemminki TH, Laurila M, Auvinen A, Maattanen L, Huhtala H, Tammela TL et al (2013) Histological inflammation and risk of subsequent prostate cancer among men with initially elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial. BJU Int 112(6):735–741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ et al (1998) Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu H, Harris RE, Gao YT et al (1991) Comparative epidemiology of cancers of the colon, rectum, prostate and breast in Shanghai, China versus the United States. Int J Epidemiol 20:76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Stockwell T, Roemer A et al (2016) Is alcohol consumption a risk factor for prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 16(1):845

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland

    Felix Preisser

  2. Martini-Klinik Prostatakrebszentrum, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland

    Markus Graefen, Imke Thederan & Alexander Haese

  3. Prostatakrebszentrum, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland

    Hartwig Huland

Authors
  1. Felix Preisser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Markus Graefen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Imke Thederan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alexander Haese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hartwig Huland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Felix Preisser .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Helios Marien Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Herbert Rübben

  2. Urologische Klinik/Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany

    Oliver Hakenberg

  3. Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Thüringen, Germany

    Marc-Oliver Grimm

  4. Caritaskrankenhaus St. Josef, Regensburg, Germany

    Maximilian Burger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Preisser, F., Graefen, M., Thederan, I., Haese, A., Huland, H. (2020). Prostatakarzinom: Epidemiologie und Risikofaktoren. In: Rübben, H., Hakenberg, O., Grimm, MO., Burger, M. (eds) Uroonkologie. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54652-9_50-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54652-9_50-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-54652-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-54652-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Medizin

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation