Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Krampfanfälle

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neurologische Notfälle

  • 5173 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

In der Akut- und Notfallmedizin gehören passagere Vigilanzminderungen aus neurologischer Sicht zu den häufig auftretenden Krankheitsbildern, wobei epileptische Anfälle von den nicht-epileptischen Anfallsereignissen wie Synkopen und psychogenen Anfällen abgegrenzt werden müssen. Neben der klinischen Untersuchung und der Anamneseerhebung stehen zur Ursachenklärung an technischen Hilfsmitteln cCT, cMRT und EEG zur Verfügung. Die notfallmäßige Behandlung epileptischer Anfälle im Rettungsdienst und in der Notaufnahme beruht auf einem medikamentösen Dreistufenschema: Benzodiazepine, die klassischen Antikonvulsiva sowie anästhetische Antikonvulsiva. Bei der dauerhaften antikonvulsiven Therapie steht neben der Wirksamkeit vor allem die Verträglichkeit bei der Auswahl des Antikonvulsivums im Vordergrund, da die Patientin häufig lebenslang behandelt werden müssen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  • Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Marshal Isaacs S, Corry MD, Allen F, Ulrich S, Gottwald MD, O’Neil N, Neuhaus JM, Segal MR, Lowenstein DH (2001) A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 345: 631–637

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson GD, Lin YX, Berge C, Ojemann GA (1997) Absence of bleeding complications in patients undergoing cortical surgery while receiving valproate treatment. J Neurosurg 87: 252–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer J (1996) Seizure-inducing effects of antiepileptic drugs: a review. Acta Neurol Scand 94(6):367–77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beenen LF, Lindeboom J, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DG, Heimans JJ, Snoek FJ, Touw DJ, Adèr HJ, van Alphen HA (1999) Comparative double blind clinical trial of phenytoin and sodium valproate as anticonvulsant prophylaxis after craniotomy: efficacy, tolerability, and cognitive effects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67(4):474–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berger H (1929) Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Arch f Psychiatr 87: 527–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde Boas W, Engel J, French J, Glauser TA, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, Nordli D, Plouin P, Scheffer IE (2010) Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia 51: 676–685

    Google Scholar 

  • Block F, Dafotakis M (2013) Drug-induced seizures. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 81(1):28–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binnie CD, Dekker E, Smit A, Van der Linden G (1982) Practical considerations in the positioning of EEG electrodes. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 53: 453–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, Mayer SA (2002) Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with phentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam: a systematic review. Epilepsia 43: 146–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crevoisier C, Delisle MC, Joseph I, Foletti G. Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of clonazepam following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration to healthy volunteers. Eur Neurol 2003; 49: 173–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebner A. Epilepsie. In: Ebner A, Deuschl G. EEG. 1. Aufl. Stuttgart: Thieme 2006; 114–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Elger CE, Baumgartner C, Beyenburg S, Dennig D, Donati F, Ebner A, Krämer G, Runge U, Schmidt D, Steinhoff BJ, Stefan H (2012) Leitlinie Erster epileptischer Anfall und Epilepsien im Erwachsenenalter. In: Diener HC, Weimar C (Hrsg.). Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. 5.Aufl. Thieme,Stuttgart, S. 28–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellner AK, Fritsch B (2013) Semiology and propagation of epileptic seizures. Nervenarzt 84(6):747–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gidal BE, Baltès E, Otoul C, Perucca E (2005) Effect of levetiracetam on the pharmacokinetics of adjunctive antiepileptic drugs: a pooled analysis of data from randomized clinical trials. Epilepsy Res 64(1–2):1–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottwald MD, Akers LC, Liu PK, Orsulak PJ, Corry MD, Bacchetti P, Fields SM, Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK (1999) Prehospital stability of diazepam and lorazepam. Am J Emerg Med 17:333–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hintz M, Schulze-Bonhage A (2015) Antiepileptic Drug Therapy in Patients with Renal Failure. Akt Neurol 42: 86–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holthausen H (1994) Febrile convulsions, mesial temporal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy. In Wolf P (ed). Epileptic seizures and syndromes. John Libbey & Co, London, pp 449–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Knake S, Rosenow F, Vescovi M, Oertel WH, Mueller HH, Wirbatz A, Katsarou N, Hamer HM (2001) Status Epilepticus Study Group Hessen (SESGH). Incidence of status epilepticus in adults in Germany: a prospective, population-based study. Epilepsia 42: 714–718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan P, Brodie MJ (2000) Epilepsy after the first drug fails: substitution or add-on? Seizure 9(7):464–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leppik IE, Patrick BK, Cranford RE (1983) Treatment of acute seizures and status epilepticus with intravenous phenytoin. Adv Neurol 34:447–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser RP, Lueders H, Dinner DS, Morris H (1985) An intoduction to the basic concepts of polarity and localization. J Clin Neurophysiol 2(1): 45–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lüders HO, Noachtar S (1994) Atlas und Klassifikation der Elektroenzephalographie.; Ciba-Geigy, Wehr/Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • Marson AC, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, Appleton R, Baker GA, Chadwick DW, Cramp C, Cockerell OC, Cooper PN, Doughty J, Eaton B, Gamble C, Goulding PJ, Howell SJ, Hughes A, Jackson I, Jacoby A, Kellett M, Lawson GR, Leach JP, Nicolaides P, Roberts R, Shackley P, Shen J, Smith DF, Smith PE, Smith CT, Vanoli A, Williamson PR (2007) SANAD study group. The SANAD study of effectivness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramte for generalized and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet 369 (9566): 1016–1026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum BS, Brierley JB (1973) Prolonged epileptic seizures in primates. Ischemic cell change and its relation to ictal physiological events. Arch Neurol 28: 10–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neufeld MY, Treves TA, Chistik V, Korczyn AD (1997) Sequential serum creatine kinase determination differentiates vaso-vagal syncope from generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Acta Neurol Scand 95(3):137–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noachtar S, Remi J (2009) The role of EEG in epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav 15: 22–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otoul C, Arrigo C, van Rijckevorsel K, French JA (2005) Metaanalysis and indirect comparisons of levetiracetam with other second-generation antiepileptic drugs in partial epilepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol 28: 72–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orringer, Eustace JC, Wunsch CD, Gardner LB (1977) Natural history of lactic acidosis after grand-mal seizures. A model for the study of an anion-gap acidosis not associated with hyperkalemia. N Engl J Med 297(15):796–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perucca E (2002) Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of valproate: a summary after 35 years of clinical experience. CNS Drugs 16(10): 695–714

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad K, Krishnan PR, Al Roomi K (2007) Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Br J Clin Pharmacol 63: 640–64728

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reuber M, Pukrop R, Mitchell AJ, Bauer J, Elger CE (2003) Clinical significance of recurrent psychogenic nonepileptic seizure status. J Neurol 250(11):1355–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenow F, Besser R, Hamer HM, Holtkamp M, Kluge S, Knake S, Rossetti A, Schnieder D, Trinka E (2012) Leitlinie Status epilepticus im Erwachsenenalter. In: Diener HC, Weimar C (Hrsg.) Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. 5.Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 48–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenow F, Knake S, Hamer HM (2012) 3. Non-convulsive status epilepticus: temporary fad or reality in need of treatment? Nervenarzt 83(12):1551–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossetti AO, Milligan TA, Vulliémoz S, Michaelides C, Bertschi M, Lee JW (2011) A randomized trial for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 14: 4–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shorvon S, Baulac M, Cross H, Trinka E, Walker M; TaskForce on Status Epilepticus of the ILAE Commission for European Affairs (2008) The drug treatment of status epilepticus in Europe: consensus document from a workshop at the first London colloquium on Status epilepticus. Epilepsia 49: 1277–128533

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shorvon S, Walker M (2005) Status epilepticus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia 46 (Suppl. 9): S73–S79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trinka E (2012) The Clinical Forms and the Treatment of Status Epilepticus 43(02): 144–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinka E (2011) What is the evidence to use new intravenous AED´s in status epilepticus? Epilepsia 52 (8): 35–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton NY (1993) Systemic effects of generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia 34 (Suppl. 1): S54–S58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilder BJ, Ramsay RE, Willmore LJ, Feussner GF, Perchalski RJ, Shumate JB Jr. (1977) Efficacy of intravenous phenytoin in the treatment of status epilepticus: kinetics of central nervous system penetration. Ann Neurol 1(6):511–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winocour PH, Waise A, Young G, Moriarty KJ (1989) Severe, self-limiting lactic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis accompanying convulsions. Postgrad Med J 65 (763): 321–2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zschocke S, Hansen HC (2012) Klinische Enzephalographie. 3. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Neurologie, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland

    O. Matz

  2. Klinik für Neurologie, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland

    M Dafotakis

Authors
  1. O. Matz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M Dafotakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Neurologie, RWTH Aachen , Aachen, Germany

    Jens Litmathe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matz, O., Dafotakis, M. (2016). Krampfanfälle. In: Litmathe, J. (eds) Neurologische Notfälle. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49775-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49775-3_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49774-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49775-3

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation