Abstract
The stiff shoulder has had many terms attached to it over the centuries. It was initially termed ‘periarthritis’ [1, 2], then ‘frozen shoulder’ [3] and then ‘adhesive capsulitis’ [4]. Codman described the pathophysiology of a chronic inflammatory process involving the capsule of the shoulder causing a thickening and contracture of this structure which secondarily becomes adherent to the humeral head. Zuckerman and colleagues in 2011 aimed to have a consensus definition of adhesive capsulitis. It was defined as ‘a condition characterized by functional restriction of both active and passive shoulder motion for which radiographs of the glenohumeral joint are essentially unremarkable except for the possible presence of osteopenia or calcific tendonitis’ [5].
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Funk, L., Mandaleson, A. (2016). Management of the Stiff Shoulder. In: Randelli, P., Dejour, D., van Dijk, C., Denti, M., Seil, R. (eds) Arthroscopy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49376-2_52
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