Abstract
Heat/energy recovery technologies are exclusively applied in buildings so that more energy can be saved. Based on previous literatures, this chapter presents an analysis over the heat/energy recovery technologies in buildings. Firstly, the significance of heat/energy recovery technologies for building energy consumption was given briefly and some terms were introduced. Secondly, the components of a general heat/energy recovery system including heat exchanger, fan, and duct were explained. Particularly, as the core of heat/energy recovery system, different heat exchangers, such as fixed-plate, heat pipe, thermosyphon, loop and rotary wheel heat/energy exchangers were described in details. Then the performance indexes of heat/energy recovery system will be introduced and some impact factors on the performance will be discussed. Also, this chapter presents an analysis over experimental methods and rigs of these indexes. Together with that, the models in the literature for heat and mass transfer in the heat/energy recovery system to predict the performance were mentioned in details. Lastly, some typical application of heat/energy recovery in integrated energy-efficient system in buildings including heat/energy recovery ventilation, run-around heat/energy recovery system, heat pump with heat/energy recovery, and other potential application with heat/energy recovery in buildings were described to demonstrate the practical application of heat/energy recovery in buildings.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Laustsen J (2008) Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings. OECD/IEA, Paris
Cuce PM, Riffat S (2015) A comprehensive review of heat recovery systems for building applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 47:665–682
Fehrm M, Reiners W, Ungemach M (2002) Exhaust air heat recovery in buildings. Int J Refrig 25(4):439–449
Lazzarin RM, Gasparella A (1998) Technical and economical analysis of heat recovery in building ventilation systems. Appl Therm Eng 18(1):47–67
Natural Resources Canada (2015) National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings. NECB-2015, NRC, Ottawa, Canada
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China (2014) Green Building Evaluation Labelling Standard. GB/T 50378–2014, China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing, China
American Society of Heaing, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (ASHRAE) (2010) Energy Standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90 1-2007, Atlanta
Riffat S, Gan G (1998) Determination of effectiveness of heat-pipe heat recovery for naturally-ventilated buildings. Appl Therm Eng 18(3):121–130
Shurcliff WA (1998) Air-to-air heat-exchangers for houses. Annu Rev Energy 13(1):1–22
Mardiana-Idayu A, Riffat S (2012) Review on heat recovery technologies for building applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(2):1241–1255
Besant RW, Simonson CJ (2000) Air-to-air energy recovery. ASHRAE J 42(5):31
ASHRAE (2012) Chapter 26: air-to-air energy recovery equipment. In: ASHRAE handbook. HVAC System and Equipment, Atlanta
Mei L, Infield D, Eicker U et al (2006) Cooling potential of ventilated PV façade and solar air heaters combined with a desiccant cooling machine. Renew Energy 31(8):1265–1278
Nasif M, Al-Waked R, Morrison G et al (2010) Membrane heat exchanger in HVAC energy recovery systems, systems energy analysis. Energ Buildings 42(10):1833–1840
Lu Y, Wang Y, Zhu L et al (2010) Enhanced performance of heat recovery ventilator by airflow-induced film vibration (HRV performance enhanced by FIV). Int J Therm Sci 49(10):2037–2041
Fernández-Seara J, Diz R, Uhía FJ et al (2011) Experimental analysis of an air-to-air heat recovery unit for balanced ventilation systems in residential buildings. Energ Conver Manage 52(1):635–640
Chen X, Su Y, Aydin D et al (2016) Experimental investigations of polymer hollow fibre heat exchangers for building heat recovery application. Energ Buildings 125:99–108
Rajendran S, Kalaikadal DS, Manglik RM (2013) Characterization and prediction of swirl-induced enhanced heat transfer in sinusoidal-corrugated plates. ASHRAE Trans 119(2):1–8
Metwally H, Manglik RM (2004) Enhanced heat transfer due to curvature-induced lateral vortices in laminar flows in sinusoidal corrugated-plate channels. Int J Heat Mass Transf 47(10):2283–2292
Vasiliev LL (2005) Heat pipes in modern heat exchangers. Appl Therm Eng 25(1):1–19
Shao L, Riffat S (1997) Flow loss caused by heat pipes in natural ventilation stacks. Appl Therm Eng 17(4):393–399
Yau Y (2008) The heat pipe heat exchanger: a review of its status and its potential for coolness recovery in tropical buildings. Build Serv Eng Res Technol 29(4):291–310
Zhang L, Lee W (2011) Evaluating the use heat pipe for dedicated ventilation of office buildings in Hong Kong. Energ Conver Manage 52(4):1983–1989
Ong K (2016) Review of heat pipe heat exchangers for enhanced dehumidification and cooling in air conditioning systems. Int J Low Carbon Technol 11(3):416–423. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/CTU029
Waugaman D, Kini A, Kettleborough C (1993) A review of desiccant cooling systems. J Energy Resour Technol 115(1):1–8
La D, Dai Y, Li Y et al (2010) Technical development of rotary desiccant dehumidification and air conditioning: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(1):130–147
Dallaire J, Gosselin L, Da Silva AK (2010) Conceptual optimization of a rotary heat exchanger with a porous core. Int J Therm Sci 49(2):454–462
Swanepoel D, Kröger D (1996) Rotary regenerator design theory and optimisation. R&D J 12:90–97
Shiminski J. http://www.dac-hvac.com/energy-recovery-wheels-understanding-cross-contamination-leakage, Posted on June 6, 2012
Min J, Su M (2010) Performance analysis of a membrane-based energy recovery ventilator: Effects of membrane spacing and thickness on the ventilator performance. Appl Therm Eng 30(8):991–997
Laverge J, Janssens A (2012) Heat recovery ventilation operation traded off against natural and simple exhaust ventilation in Europe by primary energy factor, carbon dioxide emission, household consumer price and exergy. Energ Buildings 50:315–323
El Fouih Y, Stabat P, Rivière P and et al (2012) Adequacy of air-to-air heat recovery ventilation system applied in low energy buildings. Energ Buildings 54: 29-39.
ASHRAE (2013) Chapter 21: Duct design. In: ASHRAE Handbook: fundamentals. ASHRAE, Atlanta
Roulet CA, Heidt F, Foradini F et al (2001) Real heat recovery with air handling units. Energ Buildings 33(5):495–502
Zhang LZ (2009) Flow maldistribution and thermal performance deterioration in a cross-flow air to air heat exchanger with plate-fin cores. Int J Heat Mass Transf 52(19):4500–4509
Mardiana A, Riffat S (2013) Review on physical and performance parameters of heat recovery systems for building applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 28:174–190
Kays W, London A (1984) Compact heat exchangers, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, NewYork
Niu J, Zhang L (2001) Membrane-based enthalpy exchanger: material considerations and clarification of moisture resistance. J Membr Sci 189(2):179–191
Nellis GF, Pfotenhauer JM (2005) Effectiveness-NTU relationship for a counterflow heat exchanger subjected to an external heat transfer. J Heat Transfer 127(9):1071–1073
Yau YH (2007) Experimental thermal performance study of an inclined heat pipe heat exchanger operating in high humid tropical HVAC systems. Int J Refrig 30(7):1143–1152
Zhang Land Jiang Y (1999) Heat and mass transfer in a membrane-based energy recovery ventilator. J Membr Sci 163(1):29–38
Ge T, Li Y, Wang R et al (2008) A review of the mathematical models for predicting rotary desiccant wheel. Renew Sust Energy Rev 12(6):1485–1528
Min J, Su M, Wang L (2012) Experimental and theoretical investigations of membrane-based energy recovery ventilator performance. Int J Air-Cond Refrig 20(1):115–119
Shao L, Riffat S, Gan G (1998) Heat recovery with low pressure loss for natural veltilation. Energ Buildings 28(2):179–184
Min J and Wang L (2011) Membrane sorption property effects on transmembrane permeation. Chin Sci Bull 56(22): 2394–2399.
Yaïci W, Ghorab M, Entchev E (2013) Numerical analysis of heat and energy recovery ventilators performance based on CFD for detailed design. Appl Therm Eng 51(1):770–780
Orme M (2001) Estimates of the energy impact of ventilation and associated financial expenditures. Energ Buildings 33(3):199–205
Simonson C (2005) Energy consumption and ventilation performance of a naturally ventilated ecological house in a cold climate. Energ Buildings 37(1):23–35
Kang Y, Wang Y, Zhong K et al (2010) Temperature ranges of the application of air-to-air heat recovery ventilator in supermarkets in winter, China. Energ Buildings 42(12):2289–2295
Zhou Y, Wu J, Wang R (2007) Performance of energy recovery ventilator with various weathers and temperature set-points. Energ Buildings 39(12):1202–1210
Zhong K, Kang Y (2009) Applicability of air-to-air heat recovery ventilators in China. Appl Therm Eng 29(5):830–840
Briggs RS, Lucas R, Taylor Z (2003) Climate classification for building energy codes and standards: part 2-zone definitions, maps, and comparisons.ASHRAE. Transactions 109(1):122–130
Available from: http://energy-models.com/map-doe’s-proposed-climate-zones
Juodis E (2006) Extracted ventilation air heat recovery efficiency as a function of a building's thermal properties. Energ Buildings 38(6):568–573
Liu P, Rafati Nasr M, Ge G et al (2016) A theoretical model to predict frosting limits in cross-flow air-to-air flat plate heat/energy exchangers. Energ Buildings 110:404–414
Fisk W, Archer K, Chant R et al (1984) Performance of residential air-to-air heat exchangers during operation with freezing and periodic defrosts. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Berkeley
Kragh J, Rose J, Svendsen S(2005). Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery in cold climates. In: Proceedings of the 7th symposium on building physics in the Nordic Countries, pp 1–8
Zhang J, Fung AS (2015) Experimental study and analysis of an energy recovery ventilator and the impacts of defrost cycle. Energ Buildings 87:265–271
Rafati Nasr M, Fauchoux M, Besant RW et al (2014) A review of frosting in air-to-air energy exchangers. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 30:538–554
Fisk W, Chant R, Archer K et al (1985) Onset of freezing in residential air-to-air heat exchangers. ASHRAE Trans 91(1):145–158
Hughes BR, Chaudhry HN, Calautit JK (2014) Passive energy recovery from natural ventilation air streams. Appl Energy 113:127–140
Gan G, Riffat S (1998) A numerical study of solar chimney for natural ventilation of buildings with heat recovery. Appl Therm Eng 18(12):1171–1187
Gan G, Riffat S (1998) Measurement and simulation of air flow in a two-zone chamber with heat-pipe heat recovery. Int J Ambient Energy 19(2):93–103
O’Connor D, Calautit JK, Hughes BR (2014) A study of passive ventilation integrated with heat recovery. Energ Buildings 82:799–811
Vali A, Simonson J, Besant RW et al (2009) Numerical model and effectiveness correlations for a run-around heat recovery system with combined counter and cross flow exchangers. Int J Heat Mass Transf 52(25):5827–5840
Hviid CA, Svendsen S (2011) Analytical and experimental analysis of a low-pressure heat exchanger suitable for passive ventilation. Energ Buildings 43(2):275–284
Davidsson H, Bernardo R, Hellström B (2013) Theoretical and experimental investigation of a heat exchanger suitable for a hybrid ventilation system. Buildings 3(1):18–38
Mahmud K, Mahmood GI, Simonson CJ et al (2010) Performance testing of a counter-cross-flow run-around membrane energy exchanger (RAMEE) system for HVAC applications. Energ Buildings 42(7):1139–1147
Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) (2005) Performance rating for air-to-air exchangers for energy recovery ventilation equipment. AHRI STANDARD 1060-2005, Arlington
Lian Z, Park SR, Qi H (2005) Analysis on energy consumption of water-loop heat pump system in China. Appl Therm Eng 25(1):73–85
Buonomano A, Calise F, Palombo A (2012) Buildings dynamic simulation: water loop heat pump systems analysis for European climates. Appl Energy 91(1):222–234
Li YM, Wu JY (2010) Energy simulation and analysis of the heat recovery variable refrigerant flow system in winter. Energ Buildings 42(7):1093–1099
Wong LT, Mui KW, Guan Y (2010) Shower water heat recovery in high-rise residential buildings of Hong Kong. Appl Energy 87(2):703–709
Khaled M, Ramadan M, El Rabet MG et al (2013) Heating water using the recovered chimney waste heat-prototype and experimental analysis. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on microelectronics (ICM). IEEE, pp 1–4
Zhuang Z, Li Y, Chen B et al (2009) Chinese kang as a domestic heating system in rural northern China – a review. Energ Buildings 41(1):111–119
Son K, Kim S, Kim JT (2013) Thin flooring panel development for energy efficiency of an ondol heating system. Indoor Built Environ 22(1):131–138
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Wang, X. (2018). Heat/Energy Recovery Technologies in Buildings. In: Wang, R., Zhai, X. (eds) Handbook of Energy Systems in Green Buildings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49120-1_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49120-1_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49119-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49120-1
eBook Packages: EnergyReference Module Computer Science and Engineering