Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychostimulanzien und andere Arzneistoffe, die zur Behandlung der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) angewendet werden

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neuro-/Psychopharmaka im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Zusammenfassung

Als Psychostimulanzien oder Stimulanzien wird die Gruppe von Neuro-/Psychopharmaka bezeichnet, die vorwiegend eine erregende Wirkung auf das zentrale Nervensystem und die Psyche ausüben. Das Hauptanwendungsgebiet der Psychostimulanzien Amphetamin und Methylphenidat ist die Therapie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS), eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. Neben diesen Psychostimulanzien werden Nicht-Psychostimulanzien wie Atomoxetin, Clonidin und Guanfacin zur Behandlung der ADHS verwendet. In diesem Kapitel wird ein kurzer Überblick zu den Erklärungsmodellen der Wirkmechanismen von Psychostimulanzien und anderen Substanzen gegeben. Weiter werden wichtige Aspekte der klinischen Psychopharmakologie wie Indikationen, klinische Wirksamkeit und Studienlage, Dosierungen, Pharmaka-Wechselwirkungen, Anwendungseinschränkungen, Dauer der Behandlung und Kontrolluntersuchungen als Orientierungshilfe für die klinische Anwendung besprochen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

Weiterführende Literatur

  • Gerlach M, Romanos M (2014) Attention-dficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD. In: Baumann Ch, Wolters E (Hrsg) Parkinson disease and other movement disorders. State of the art. VU University, Amsterdam, S 705–714

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen L (Hrsg) (2006) Speed, ecstasy, ritalin. The science of amphetamines. University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Warnke A, Riederer C (2013) Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: An illustrated historical overview. World Federation of ADHD http://www.cpo-media.net/ADHD/History/HTML/

Zitierte Literatur

  • AACAP Official Action (2002) Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Psy 41(Suppl 2):26S–49S

    Google Scholar 

  • AACAP Official Action (2007) Practise parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Child Psy 46:894–921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmann PA, Theye FW, Berg R, Linquist AJ, Van Erem AJ, Campbell LR (2001) Placebo-controlled evaluation of amphetamine mixture-dextroamphetamine salts and amphetamine salts (Adderall): efficacy rate and side effects. Pediatrics 107:E10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albin RL (2006) Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette syndrome: Striatal and dopamine function. Adv Neurol 99:99–106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen SL, Arvanitogiannis A, Pliakas AM, LeBlanc C, Carlezon WA (2002) Altered responsiveness to cocaine in rats exposed to methylphenidate during development. Nat Neurosci 5:13–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold LE (2000) Methylphenidate versus amphetamine: A comparative review. In: Greenhill LL, Osman BB (Hrsg) Ritalin, theory and pactice. Liebert, New Rochelle, S 127–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnsten AF, Scahill L, Findling RL (2007) Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Emerging concepts from new data. J Child Adol Psychop 17:393–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arzneimittel-Kompendium der Schweiz (2014) Standardwerk mit den offiziellen Fachinformationen. Documed AG, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird AL, Coogan AN, Kaufling J, Barrot M, Thome J (2013) Daily methylphenidate and atomoxetine treatment impacts on clock gene protein expression in the mouse brain. Brain Res 1513:61–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Santosh P et al (2006) Long-acting medications for the hyperkinetic disorders. A systematic review and European treatment guideline. Eur Child Adoles Psy 15:476–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bangs ME, Jin L, Zhang S et al (2008a) Hepatic events associated with atomoxetine treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drug Safety 31:345–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bangs ME, Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Polzer J et al (2008b) Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior events in patients treated with atomoxetine. J Am Acad Child Psy 47:209–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter K (Hrsg) (2007) Stockley’s drug interactions, 8. Aufl. Pharmaceutical Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Biederman J, Faraone SV (2005) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 366:237–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Spencer T, Faraone SV (1999) Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reduces risk for substance use disorder. Pediatrics 104:E201–E205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, McBurnett K, Konow J, Lyne A, Scherer N (2008a) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended-release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 121:e73–e84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, Wilens T, MacPherson HA, Faraone SV (2008b) Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: A naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study. Am J Psychiat 165:597–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF (2009) Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Psy 48:884–893

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley C (1937) The behavior of children receiving Benzedrine. Am J Psychiat 94:577–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brem S, Grünblatt E, Drechsler R, Riederer P, Walitza S (2014) The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 6:175–202

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Broese M, Riemann D, Hein L, Nissen C (2012) alpha-Adrenergic receptor function, arousal and sleep: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Pharmacopsychiatry 45:209–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buitelaar JK, Danckaerts M, Gillberg C (2004) A prospective, multicenter, open-label assessment of atomoxetine in non-North American children and adolescents with ADHD. Eur Child Adoles Psy 13:249–257 (Atomoxetine International Study Group)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushe CJ, Savill NC (2014) Systematic review of atomoxetine data in childhood and adolescent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 2009–2011: focus on clinical efficacy and safety. J Psychopharmacol 28:204–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bymaster FP, Katner JS, Nelson DL et al (2002) Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: A potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol 27:699–711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Resource Alliance (CADDRA) (2011) Canadian ADHD practice guidelines, 3. Aufl. CADDRA, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Charach A, Yeung E, Climans T, Lillie E (2011) Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: Comparative meta-analyses. J Am Acad Child Psy 50:9–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherkasova MV, Faridi N, Casey KF et al (2014) Amphetamine-induced dopamine release and neurocognitive function in treatment-naïve adults with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:1498–1507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Children AC, Sallee FR (2012) Revisiting clonidine: An innovative add-on option for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Drug Today 48:207–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chouinard G, Annable L, Bradwein J (1984) An early phase II clinical trial of tomoxetine (LY139603) in the treatment of newly admitted depressed patients. Psychopharmacology 83:126–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christine CW, Garwood ER, Schrock LE, Austin DE, McCulloch CE (2010) Parkinsonism in patients with a history of amphetamine exposure. Movement Disord 25:228–231

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Lecendreux M et al (2014) Efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate throughout the day in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a randomized, controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23:61–68

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper WO, Habel LA, Sox CM, Chan KA, Arbogast PG, Cheetham TC, Ray WA (2011) ADHD drugs and serious cardiovascular events in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 365:1896–1904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connor DF, Fletcher KE, Swanson JM (1999) A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Psy 38:1551–1559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor DF, Findling RL, Kollins SH, Sallee F, Lopez FA, Lyne A, Tremlay G (2010) Effects of guanfacine extended release on oppositional symptoms in children aged 6–12 years with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional symptoms A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CNS Drugs 24:755–768

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortese S, Holtmann M, Banaschewski T et al (2013) Pracitioner review: Current best practice in the management of adverse event during treatment with ADHD medications in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psyc 54:227–246 (the European Guidelines Group)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Campo N, Fryer TD, Hong YT et al (2013) A positron emission tomography study of nigro-striatal dopaminergic mechanisms underlying attention: implications for ADHD and its treatment. Brain 136:3252–3270

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ding YS, Naganava M, Gallezot JD et al (2014) Clincal doses of atomexetine significantly occupy norepinephrine and serotonin transports: implications on treatment of depression and ADHD. Neuroimage 86:164–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH (2013) Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. ICD-10 Kapitel V (F) Klinisch-diagnostische Leitlinien, 9. Aufl. Huber, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittmann RW, Cardo E, Nagy P et al (2014) Treatment response and remission in a double-blind, randomized, head-to-head study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 28:1059–1069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Döpfner M, Lehmkuhl G, Schepker R, Frölich J (2007) Hyperkinetische Störungen (F90). In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Klinikärzte für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Bundesverband der Ärzte für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie (Hrsg) Leitlinien zu Diagnostik und Therapie von psychischen Störungen im Säuglings-, Kindes- und Jugendalter, 3. Aufl. Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Köln, S 239–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Elia J, Glessner JT, Wang K et al (2011) Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nature Genetics 44:78–84

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison-Wright I, Ellison-Wright Z, Bullmore E (2008) Structural brain change in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identified by meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 8 (Article Nr 51) doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-51

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Zein RA, Abdel-Rahman SZ, Hay MJ, Lopez MS, Bondy ML, Morris DL, Legator MS (2005) Cytogenetic effects in children treated with methylphenidate. Cancer Lett 230:284–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • European Medicines Agency (2010) Overview of comments received on „Guideline on the clinical investigation of medicinal products for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)“. EMA/CHMP/EWP/431734/2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Wittchen H-U (Hrsg) (2015) American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen DSM-5. Hogrefe, Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Buitelaar J (2010) Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis. Eur Child Adoles Psy 19:353–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P (2005) Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1313–1323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Aleardi M (2006) Comparing the efficacy of medications for ADHD using meta-analysis. Med Gen Med 8:4

    Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ (2008) Effect of stimulants on height and weight: A review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Psy 47:994–1009

    Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T et al (2015) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature Rev Dis Primers 15020 doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20

    Google Scholar 

  • Federici M, Latagliata EC, Ledonne A et al (2014) Paradoxical abatement of striatal dopaminergic transmission by cocaine and methylphenidate. J Biol Chem 289:264–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frodl T, Skokauskas N (2012) Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiat Scand 125:114–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frölich J, Banaschewski T, Döpfner M, Görtz-Dorten (2014) An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 10:1169–1183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fusar-Poli P, Rubia K, Rossi G, Sartori G, Balottin U (2012) Striatal dopamine transporter alterations in ADHD: Pathophysiology or adaptation to psychostimulants? A meta-analysis. Am J Psychiat 169:264–272

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Grossman S (1999) Long-term methylphenidate therapy in children with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic multiple tic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiat 56:330–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gainetdinov RR (2010) Strengths and limitations of genetic models of ADHD. ADHD Attent Def Hyp Disord 2:21–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garnock-Jones KP, Keating GM (2009) Atomoxetine: a review of its use in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs 11:203–226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatt JM, Burton KL, Williams LM, Schofield PR (2015) Specific and common genes implicated across major mental disorders: a review of meta-analysis studies. J Psychiatr Res 60:1–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelperin K, Phelan K (2006) Psychiatric adverse events associated with drug treatment of ADHD: review of postmarketing safety data. FDA Report PID DO50243, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, March 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Genro JP, Kieling C, Rohde LA, Hutz MH (2010) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the dopaminergic hypotheses. Expert Rev Neurother 10:587–601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerardin P, Cohen D, Mazet P, Flament MF (2002) Drug treatment of conduct disorder in young people. Eur Neuropsychopharm 12:361–370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlach M, Riederer P (1996) Animal models of Parkinson’s disease: an empirical comparison with the phenomenology of the disease in man. J Neural Transm 103:987–1041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlach M, Grünblatt E, Lange KW (2013) Is the treatment with psychostimulants in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder harmful for the dopaminergic system? ADHD Attent Def Hyp Disord 5:71–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghuman JK, Ginsburg GS, Subramaniam G, Ghuman HS, Kau AS, Riddle MA (2001) Psychostimulants in preschool children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: clinical evidence from a developmental disorder institution. J Am Acad Child Psy 40:516–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg C, Melander H, von Knorring AL et al (1997) Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiat 54:857–864

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giros B, Jaber M, Jones SR, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1996) Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature 379:606–612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grades of recommendation, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) Working Group (2004) Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Br Med J 328:1490–1494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J et al (2011) European guidelines on managing adverse events of medication for ADHD. Eur Child Adoles Psy 20:17–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill LL, Halperin JM, Abikoff H (1999) Stimulant medications. J Am Acad Child Psy 38:503–512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grob CS, Coyle JT (1986) Suspected adverse methylphenidate-imipramine interactions in children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 7:265–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groenman AP, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse N et al (2013) Substance use disorders in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a 4-year follow-up study. Addiction 108:1503–1511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gucuyener K, Erdemoglu AK, Senol S, Serdaroglu A, Soysal S, Kocker AI (2003) Use of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with epilepsy or electroencephalographic abnormalities. J Child Neurol 18:109–112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammerness PG, Perrin JM, Shelley-Abrahamson R, Wilens TE (2011) Cardiovascular risk of stimulant treatment in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Update and clinical recommendations. J Am Acad Child Psy 50:978–990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammerness PG, Karampahtsis C, Babalola R, Alexander ME (2015) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: what are the long-term cardiovascular risks? Expert Opin Drug Saf 14:543–551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannestad J, Gallezot JD, Planeta-Wilson B et al (2010) Clinically relevant doses of methylphenidate significantly occupy norepinephrine transporters in humans In vivo. Biol Psychiatr 68:854–860

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harfterkamp M, Loo-Neus G, Minderaa RB et al (2012) A randomized double-blind study of atomoxetine versus placebo for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Psy 51(73):741

    Google Scholar 

  • Harfterkamp M, Buitelaar JK, Minderaa RB, Loo-Neus G, van der Gaag RJ, Hoekstra PJ (2013) Long-term treatment with atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an open-label extension study. J Child Adol Psychop 23:194–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (2013) Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry 70:185–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser TU, Iannaccone R, Ball J, Mathys C, Brandeis D, Walitza S, Brem S (2014) Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in impaired decision making in juvenile attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 71:1165–1173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (2013) Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharmacol 27:479–496

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila RE, Orlansky H, Mytilineou C, Cohen C (1975) Amphetamine: evaluation of D- and L-isomers as releasing agents and uptake inhibitors for 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine in slices of rat neostriatum and cerebral cortex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194:47–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YS, Tsai MH (2011) Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Current status of knowledge. CNS Drugs 25:539–554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huss M, Poustka F, Lehmkuhl G, Lehmkuhl U (2008) No increase in long-term risk for nicotine use disorders after treatment with methyl-phenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a non-randomised retrospective study. J Neural Transm 115:335–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ipser J, Stein DJ (2007) Systematic review of pharmacotherapy of disruptive behavior disorders in children and adolescents. Psychopharmacology 191:127–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain R, Seegal S, Kollins SH, Khayrallah M (2011) Clonidine extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Psy 50:171–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey DK, Sumner CR, Casat CD et al (2004) Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including an assessment of evening and morning behavior: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 114:e1–e8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerdar MS, Scheuerpflug P, Srdinko P, Wewetzer Ch, Warnke A, Romanos M (2007) Quantitative effect of treatment with methylphenidate on EEG – a pilot study. Z Kinder-Jug-Psych 35:247–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kollins SH, Jain R, Rams M, Segal S, Findling RL, Wigal SB, Khayrallah M (2011) Clonidine extended-release tablets as add-on therapy to psychostimulants in children and adolescents with ADHD. Pediatrics 127:e1406–e1413

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krauel K, Feldhaus HC, Simon A et al (2010) Increased echogenicity of the substantia nigra in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiat 68:352–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause J (2008) SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 8:611–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kratochvil CJ, Wilens TE, Greenhill LL, Gao H, Baker KD, Feldman PD, Gelowitz DL (2006) Effects of long-term atomoxetine treatment for young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Psy 45:919–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuczenski R, Segal DS (1997) Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephine: comparison with amphetamine. J Neurochem 68:2032–2037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahat E, Weiss M, Ben-Shlomo A, Evans SM, Bistritzer T (2000) Bone mineral density and turn-over in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder receiving methylphenidate. J Child Neurol 15:436–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Flory K, Liu R, Glass K (2011) Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 31:328–341

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Madras BK, Miller GM, Fischman AJ (2005) The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiat 57:1397–1409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahone EM, Crocetti D, Ranta ME et al (2011) A preliminary neuroimaging study of preschool children with ADHD. Clin Neuropsychol 25:1009–1028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Truong NL, Moulton JL 3rd, Roizen ER, Howell KH, Castellanos FX (2008) Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. Am J Psychiat 165:604–609

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz JS, Patrick KS (2001) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Pharmacokinet 40:753–771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz JS, DeVane CL, Pestreich LK, Patrick KS, Muniz R (2006) A comprehensive in vitro screening of d-, l-, and dl-threo-methylphenidate: An exploratory study. J Child Adol Psychop 16:687–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehler-Wex C, Riederer P, Gerlach M (2006) Dopaminergic dysbalance in distinct basal ganglia neurocircuits: implications for the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurotox Res 10:167–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J et al (2002) Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiat 159:1896–1901

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM et al (2009) The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. J Am Acad Child Psy 48:484–500 (the MTA Cooperative Group)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MTA Cooperation Group (1999) A 14 month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiat 56:1073–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MTA Cooperation Group (2004) National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 113:754–761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakao T, Radua J, Rubia K, Mataix-Cols D (2011) Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD: voxel-based meta-analysis exploring the effects of age and stimulant medication. Am J Psychiatry 168:1154–1163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) (2008) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 72. The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, Allen AJ, Casat CD, Ruff DD, Moore RJ, Michelson D (2008) Atomoxetine and osmotically released methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Acute comparison and differential response. A J Psychiat 165:721–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg J, Willcutt E, Doyle A, Sonuga-Barke EJS (2005) Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biol Psychiatry 57:1224–1230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olazagasti MAR, Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Belsky ER, Hutchison JA, Lashua-Shriftman EC, Castellanos FX (2013) Does childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predict risk-taking and medical illnesses in adulthood? J Am Acad Child Psy 52:153–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palumbo DR, Sallee FR, Pelham WE, Bukstein OG, Daviss B, McDermott MP (2008) Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Efficacy and tolerability outcomes. J Am Acad Child Psy 47:180–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pappadopulos E, Woolston S, Chait A, Perkins M, Connor DF, Jensen PS (2006) Pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents: Efficacy and effect size. J Cdn Acad Child Psy 15:27–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Parikh MS, Kolevzon A, Hollander E (2008) Psychopharmacology of aggression in children and adolescents with autism: A critical review of efficacy and tolerability. J Child Adol Psychop 18:157–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennick M (2010) Absorption of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its enzymatic conversion to d-amphetamine. Neuropsych Dis Treat 6:317–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pliszka SR, Greenhill LL, Crismon ML et al (2000) The Texas children’s medication algorithm project: report of the Texas consensus conference panel on medication treatment of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Part I and II. J Am Acad Child Psy 39:908–927

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popper CW (1995) Combining methylphenidate and clonidine – Pharmacological questions and news reports about sudden-death. J Child Adol Psychop 5:157–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portela M, Rubiales AS, Centeno C (2011) The use of psychostimulants in cancer patienst. Curr Opin Supp Pall Care 5:164–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston RJ, Kollins SH, Swanson JM, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Elliott GR, Vitiello B (2005) Comments on „Cytogenetic effects in children treated with methylphenidate‟ by El-Zein et al. Cancer Lett 230:292–294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pringsheim T, Steeves T (2011) Pharmacological treatment for qttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane DB Syst Rev 4:CD007990

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichow B, Volkmar FR, Bloch MH (2013) Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 43:2435–2441

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network (2005) Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiat 62:1266–1274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riccardi P, Li R, Ansari MS et al (2006) Amphetamine-induced displacement of [18F]fallypride in striatum and extrastriatal regions in humans. Neuropsychopharmacol 31:1016–1026

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roessner V, Robatzek M, Knapp G, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A (2006) First-onset tics in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: impact of stimulants. Dev Med Child Neurol 48:616–621

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romanos M, Weise D, Schliesser M et al (2010) Abnormality of substantia nigra in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 35:55–58

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ross RG (2006) Psychotic and manic-like symptoms during stimulant treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiat 163:1149–1152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowley HL, Kulkarni RS, Gosden J, Brammer RJ, Hackett D, Heal DJ (2014) Differences in the neurochemical and behavioural profiles of lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate and modafinil revealed by simultaneous dual-probe microdialysis and locomotor activity measurements in freely-moving rats. J Psychopharmacol 28:254–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sallee FR, McGgough J, Wigal T, Donahue J, Lyne A, Biederman J, SPD503 Study Group (2009) Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Psy 48:155–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sallee F, Connor DF, Newcorn JH (2013) A review of the rational and clinical utilization of α2-adrenoceptor agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity and related disorders. J Child Adol Psychop 23:308–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scahill L, Chappell PB, Kim YS et al (2001) A placebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiat 158:1067–1074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaller JL, Behar D (1999) Carbamazepine and methylphenidate in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Psy 38:112–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schelleman H, Bilker WB, Strom BL et al (2011) Cardiovascular events and death in children exposed and unexposed to ADHD agents. Pediatrics 127:1102–1110

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz KP, Fan J, Bedard ACV et al (2012) Common and unique therapeutic mechanisms of stimulant and nonstimulant treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiat 69:952–961

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M et al (2011) The Movement Disorder Society evidence-based medicine review update: Treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. Movement Disord 26:42–S80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw P (2011) ADHD medications and cardiovascular risk: some heartening news. JAMA 306:2723–2724

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W et al (2007) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:19649–19654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sobel LJ, Bansal R, Maia TV et al (2010) Basal ganglia surface morphology and the effects of stimulant medications in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psy 167:977–986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke EJS, Coghill D (2014) The foundations of next generation attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder neuropsychology: building on progress during the last 30 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55:e1–e5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Harding M, O’Donnel D, Faraone SV, Wilens TE (1996a) Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: evidence for disorder-associated growth delays? J Am Acad Child Psy 35:1460–1469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Wilens T, Harding M, O’Donnel D, Griffin S (1996b) Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder accross the life cycle. J Am Acad Child Psy 35:409–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Heiligenstein J et al (2001) An open-label, dose-ranging study of atomoxetine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adol Psychop 11:251–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer T, Heiligenstein JH, Biederman J, Faries DE, Kratochvil Ch, Conners CK, Potter WZ (2002) Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiat 63:1140–1147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steer C, Froelich J, Soutullo CA, Johnson M, Shaw M (2012) Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. A new therapeutic option for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 26:691–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner H, van Waes V (2013) Addiction-related gene regulation: Risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants. Prog Neurobiol 100:60–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhausen HC, Helenius D (2013) The association between medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cancer. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 23:208–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stopper H, Walitza S, Warnke A, Gerlach M (2008) Brief review of available evidence concerning the potential induction of genomic damage by methylphenidate. J Neural Transm 115:331–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storebo OJ, Krogh HB, Ramstad E et al (2015a) Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analyses of randomized clinical trials. Br Med J 351:h5203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storebo OJ, Ramstad E, Krogh HB et al (2015b) Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11(CD009885) doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009885.pub2

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun Z, Murry DJ, Sanghani SP et al (2004) Methylphenidate is stereoselectively hydrolyzed by human carboxylesterase CES1A1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310:469–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sund AM, Zeiner P (2002) Does extended medication with amphetamine or methylphenidate reduce growth in hyperactive children? Nord J Psychiat 56:53–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KM, Snyder SH (1974) Amphetamine: differentiation by D and L isomers of behaviour involving brain norepinephrine or dopamine. Science 168:1487–1419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thapar A, Cooper M, Eyre O, Langley K (2013) Practitioner review: What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54:3–16

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • The Tourette’s Syndrome Study Group (2002) Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 58:527–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucha O, Prell S, Mecklinger L et al (2006) Effects of methylphenidate on multiple components of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology 185:315–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker JD, Suter W, Petibone DM et al (2009) Cytogenetic assessment of methylphenidate treatment in pediatric patients treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mutat Res 677:53–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner M, Wilding E, Cassidy E, Dommett E (2013) Effects of atomoxetine on locomotor activity and impulsivity in the spontaneously hyperactive rat. Beh Brain Res 243:28–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ (2007) Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 61:1361–1369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Oord S, Prins PJ, Oosterlaan J, Emmelkamp PM (2008) Efficacy of methylphenidate, psychosocial treatments and their combination in school-aged children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 28:783–800

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan B, Kratochvil CJ (2012) Pharmacotherapy of pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adol Psych Cl 21:941–955

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitiello B (2001) Long-Term effects of stimulant medication on the brain: Possible relevance to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adol Psychop 11:25–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitiello B, Elliott GR, Swanson JM et al (2012) Blood pressure and heart rate over 10 years in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD. Am J Psychiat 169:167–177

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow ND, Insel TR (2003) Editorial. What are the long-term effects of methylphenidate treatment? Biol Psychiat 54:1307–1309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS et al (1999) Methylphenidate and cocaine have a similar in vivo potency to block dopamine transporters in the human brain. Life Sci 65:PL7–PL12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Fowler JS et al (2001) Therapeutic doses of oral methylphenidate significantly increase extracellular dopamine in the human bran. J Neurosci 21:RC121–RC125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS et al (2004) Evidence that methylphenidate enhances the saliency of a mathematical task by increasing dopamine in the human brain. Am J Psychiat 161:1173–1180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walitza S, Melfsen S, Herhaus G et al (2007a) Association of Parkinson’s disease with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood. J Neural Transm 72(Suppl 72):311–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walitza S, Werner B, Romanos M, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Stopper H (2007b) Does methylphenidate cause a cytogenetic effect in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Environ Health Persp 115:936–940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walitza S, Kampf K, Oli RG, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Stopper H (2010) Prospective follow-up studies found no chromosomal mutagenicity of methylphenidate therapy in ADHD affected children. Toxicol Letter 193:4–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisman H, Qureshi IA, Leckman JF, Scahill L, Bloch MH (2013) Systematic review: pharmacological treatment of tic disorders – efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents. Neurosci Biobehav R 37:1162–1171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wernicke JF, Holdridge KC, Jin L et al (2007) Seizure risk in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder treated with atomoxetine. Dev Med Child Neurol 49:498–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wigal SB, Biederman J, Swanson JM, Yang, Greenhill LL (2006) Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with or without prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Pooled analysis of 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Prim Care Companion. J Clin Psychiat 8:352–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Gunawardene S (2003) Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics 111:179–185

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilens TE, Bukstein O, Brams M et al (2012) A controlled trial of extended-release guanfacine and psychostimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Psy 51:74–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witcher JW, Long A, Smith B et al (2003) Atomoxetine pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adol Psychop 13:53–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witt KL, Shelby MD, Itchon-Ramos N et al (2008) Methylphenidate and amphetamine do not induce cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes of children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47:1375–1383

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universität Zürich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032, Zürich, Schweiz

    Prof. Dr. med. Susanne Walitza

  2. Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- u. Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik u. Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland

    Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Manfred Gerlach & Prof. Dr. med. Marcel Romanos

  3. Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie im Kindes- und Jugendalter, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Osianderstraße 14-16, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland

    Prof. Dr. med. Tobias Renner

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. med. Susanne Walitza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Manfred Gerlach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Prof. Dr. med. Marcel Romanos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Prof. Dr. med. Tobias Renner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manfred Gerlach .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Zentrum für Seelische Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Manfred Gerlach

  2. Privatklinik für Seelische Gesundheit, J, HEMERA Klinik, Bad Kissingen, Germany

    Claudia Mehler-Wex

  3. Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatri, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Susanne Walitza

  4. Zentrum für Seelische Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany

    Andreas Warnke

  5. Abteilung Kinder Jugendpsychiatrie, Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Köln, Germany

    Christoph Wewetzer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Walitza, S., Gerlach, M., Romanos, M., Renner, T. (2016). Psychostimulanzien und andere Arzneistoffe, die zur Behandlung der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) angewendet werden. In: Gerlach, M., Mehler-Wex, C., Walitza, S., Warnke, A., Wewetzer, C. (eds) Neuro-/Psychopharmaka im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48624-5_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48624-5_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-48623-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-48624-5

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation