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Krebserkrankungen

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Verhaltensmedizin

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Zusammenfassung

Gemeinsames biologisches Merkmal von Krebserkrankungen (malignen Neoplasien) ist die unkontrollierte, autonome Proliferation einer genetisch mutierten Zelle mit Wucherung in gesundes Gewebe, ggf. Lymphknotenbefall und Metastasenbildung. Im Rahmen der multifaktoriellen Genese von Krebserkrankungen, die gehäuft im Alter (Hauptrisikofaktor) auftreten und u. a. in Deutschland die zweithäufigste Todesursache darstellen, sind (neben seltener wirksamen heriditären Faktoren) exogene Faktoren relevant, nämlich chemische und physikalische Kanzerogene, Viren, Immundefekte und auch Risikoverhaltensweisen. Psychobiologische Prozesse (wie die stressinduzierte Einwirkung von Stresshormonen auf die Mikroumgebung des Tumors) sind bei der Tumorabwehr und -entwicklung von Bedeutung. Es lassen sich (bereits aus methodischen Gründen) keine prädisponierenden Persönlichkeitsmerkmale nachweisen. In prospektiven Längsschnittstudien zeigen sich einzelne Assoziationen zwischen psychosozialen Stressoren respektive Copingfähigkeiten und Krebsinzidenz sowie -mortalität. Verhaltensmedizinisch wichtig ist die angemessene Risikokommunikation zu Screeningtests. Erfolgreiche psychologische Interventionen sind das kognitiv-behaviorale Stressmanagement, aber auch Techniken der klassischen Konditionierung z. B. zur Therapie antizipatorischer Übelkeit bzw. Erbrechen im Rahmen der Chemotherapie.

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  1. Institut für Psychologie, Allgemeine Psychologie II und Biologische Psychologie, Universität Osnabrück, Seminarstraße 20, 49074, Osnabrück, Deutschland

    Prof. Dr. Ursula Stockhorst

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  1. Psychologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Ulrike Ehlert

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Stockhorst, U. (2016). Krebserkrankungen. In: Ehlert, U. (eds) Verhaltensmedizin. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48035-9_9

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