Zusammenfassung
Bei der Befruchtung der Oozyte durch ein Spermium – meist im Eileiter – erreicht die sich daraus entwickelnde Blastozyste 4–5 Tage nach Ovulation die Uterushöhle. In der Blastozyste hat sich die erste Zelllinie in der Embryogenese differenziert, der Trophoblast. Bei der Implantation verschmelzen Trophoblasten zum Synzytiotrophoblasten, der das Eindringen des Embryos durch das uterine Epithel ermöglicht. Nun entwickelt sich die Plazenta zu einem Organ, in dem Zotten von einem trophoblastären Epithel umgeben sind und in denen sich Bindegewebe mit Blutgefäßen befindet. Während der Schwangerschaft bilden sich je nach Entwicklungsstadium 5 verschiedene Zottentypen, deren Ausprägung Einfluss auf das fetale Wachstum hat. Zudem invadieren plazentare Trophoblasten in die Uteruswand, um die Plazenta zu verankern und den Fetus zu ernähren, indem z. B. der Blutfluss der Mutter zur Plazenta und zurück ermöglicht wird. Störungen dieser Vorgänge können Schwangerschaftskomplikationen zur Folge haben.
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Huppertz, B., Raio, L., Pollheimer, J., Schneider, H., Knöfler, M. (2022). Präimplantation, Implantation und Plazentation. In: von Kaisenberg, C., Klaritsch, P., Hösli-Krais, I. (eds) Die Geburtshilfe. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_1-2
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