Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Präimplantation, Implantation und Plazentation

Die Geburtshilfe

Part of the book series: Springer Reference Medizin ((SRM))

  • 546 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

4–5 Tage nach der Ovulation erreicht die Zygote die Uterushöhle, nachdem die Zellteilung bereits während der Passage durch die Tube begonnen hat. Am Anfang der Plazentation verschmelzen die Trophoblastepithelien zu einem Synzytium, und durch den Kontakt mit der Dezidua beginnt eine starke Proliferation des Zytotrophoblasten mit Bildung von Primärzotten, die sich über Sekundär- in Stroma- und gefäßhaltige Tertiärzotten entwickeln. Das Vordringen des extravillösen Trophoblasten in die Dezidua ist für die Verankerung der Plazenta sowie die Umwandlung der Endarterien des uterinen Kreislaufes, der Spiralarterien, in weite Gefäßschläuche von entscheidender Bedeutung. Das Verzweigungswachstum der Plazentazotten und die begleitende Angiogenese in den Zotten vervollständigen die frühe Entwicklung der Plazenta. Störungen können eine Reihe von Schwangerschaftskomplikationen wie Fehlgeburt, Präeklampsie, vorzeitige Plazentalösung, Placenta accreta und Störung des fetalen Wachstums verursachen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Abrahams VM, Kim YJ, Straszeski SL, Romero R, Mor G (2004) Macrophages and apoptotic cell clearance during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 51(4):275–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad S, Ahmed A (2004) Elevated placental soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 inhibits angiogenesis in preeclampsia. Circ Res 95:884–891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alijotas-Reig J, Llurba E, Gris JM (2014) Potentating maternal immune tolerance in pregnancy: a new challenging role for regulatory T cells. Placenta 35(4):241–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker TG (1963) A quantitative and cytological study of germ cell in human ovaries. Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 158:417–433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer S, Pollheimer J, Hartmann J, Husslein P, Aplin JD, Knöfler M (2004) Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibits trophoblast migration through elevation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in first trimester villous explant cultures. J Clin Endocriinol Metab 89(2):812–822

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bischof P, Meisser A, Campana A (2000) Paracrine and autocrine regulators of trophoblast invasion. Placenta 21(Suppl A):S55–S60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blois SM, Ilarregui JM, Tometten M, Garcia M et al (2007) A pivotal role for galectin-1 in fetomaternal tolerance. Nat Med 13(12):1450–1457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bower S, Vyas S, Campbell S, Nocolaides K (1992) Color flow imaging of the uterine artery in pregnancy: normal ranges of impedance to blood flow, mean velocity and volume flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd JD, Hamilton WJ (1970) The human placenta. Heffers, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosens I, Robertson WB, Dixon HG (1967) The physiological response of the vessels of the placental bed to normal pregnancy. J Path Bact 93:569

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brosens JJ, Salker MS, Teklenburg G et al (2014) Uterine selection of embryos at implantation. Sci Rep 4:3894–3902

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton GJ, Woods AW, Jauniaux E, Kingdom JCP (2009) Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placenta 30:473–482

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caniggia I, Mostachfi H, Winter J, Gassmann M, Lye SJ, Keilieszewski M, Post M (2000) Hypoxia inducible factor–l mediates biological effects of oxygen on human trophoblast differentiation through TGF-β3. J Clin Invest 105:577–587

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr DH, Gedeon M (1977) Population cytogenetics of human abortuses. In: Hook EB, Porter IH (Hrsg) Population cytogenetics studies in humans. Academic, New York, S 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellucci M, Scheper M, Scheffen J, Celona A, Kaufmann P (1990) The development of the human placental villous tree. Anat Embryol 181:117–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chawengsaksophak K, James R, Hammond VE, Kontgen F, Beck F (1997) Homeosis and intestinal tumours in Cdx2 mutant mice. Nature 386:84–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark DE, Smith SK, Licence D, Evans AL, Charnock-Jones DS (1998) Comparison of expression patterns for placenta growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-B and VEGF-C in the human placenta throughout gestation. J Endocrinol 159:449–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppens M, Loquet P, Kollen F, De Neuburg F, Buyteart P (1996) Longitudinal evaluation of uteroplacental and umbilical blood flow changes in normal early pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 7:114–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damsky HC, Fisher SJ (2001) Early placental vascular morphogenesis. In: Augustin HG et al (Hrsg) Vascular morphogenesis in the female reproductive system. Birkhäuser, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Damsky CH, Librach C, Lim KH et al (1994) Integrin switching regulates normal trophoblast invasion. Development 120:3657–3666

    Google Scholar 

  • Delorme-Axford et al (2013) Autophagy as a mechanism of antiviral defense at the materno-fetal interface. Autophagy 9(12). [Epub vor dem Druck]

    Google Scholar 

  • Den Ouden M, Cohen–Overbeek T, Wladimiroff J (1990) Uterine and fetal umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in normal first trimester pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynecol 27:716–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards RG (1980) Conception in the human female. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans PW, Wheeler T, Anthony FW, Osmond C (1998) A longitudinal study of maternal serum vascular endothelial growth factor in early pregnancy. Human Reprod 13:1057–1062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genbacev O, Zhou Y, Ludlow JW, Fisher SJ (1997) Regulation of human placental development by oxygen tension. Science 277:1669–1672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton WJ, Boyd JD (1960) Development of the human placenta in the first three months of gestation. J Anat 94:297–328

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna J, Goldman-Wohl D, Hamani Y, Avraham I, Greenfield C, Natanson-Yaron S, Prus D, Cohen-Daniel L, Arnon TI, Manaster I, Gazit R, Yutkin V, Benharroch D, Porgador A, Keshet E, Yagel S, Mandelboim O (2006) Decidual NK cells regulate key developmental processes at the human fetal-maternal interface. Nat Med 12:1065–1074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hitschold TP (1998) Doppler flow velocity waveforms of the umbilical arteries correlates with intervillous blood volume. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179:540–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huppertz B (2008) Placental origins of preeclampsia : challenging the current hypothesis. Hypertension 51:970–975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huppertz B (2011) Biology of the placental syncytiotrophoblast – myths and facts. Placenta 31(Suppl):75–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Huppertz B, Schneider H (2012) Implantatiosstörungen, Präeklampsie und intrauterine Wachstumsrestriktion. Gynäkologe 45:514–519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huppertz B, Kadyrov M, Kingdom JC (2006) Apoptosis and its role in the trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:29–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hustin J, Schaaps JP (1987) Echographic and anatomic studies of the maternotrophoblastic border during the first trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:162–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hustin J, Schaaps JP, Lambotte R (1988) Anatomical studies of the uteroplacental vascularization in the first trimester of pregnancy. Troph Res 3:49–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson MR, Carney EW, Lyer SJ, Ritchie JW (1994) Localization of two angiogenic growth factors (PDECGF and VEGF) in human placentae throughout gestation. Placenta 15:341–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson MR, Walsh AJ, Morrow RJ, Mullen JB, Lye SJ, Ritchie JW (1995) Reduced placental villous tree elaboration in small-for-gestational-age pregnancies: relationship with umbilical artery Doppler waveforms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:518–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe R, Woods JR (1993) Color Doppler imaging and in vivo assessment of the anatomy and physiology of the early uteroplacental circulation. Fertil Steril 60:293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Burton GJ, Moscoso GJ, Hustin J (1991a) Development of the early human placenta: a morphometric study. Placenta 12:269–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D, Campbell S (1991b) In vivo investigation of anatomy and physiology of early human placental circulations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1:435–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D, Delogne-Desnoek J, Meivis S (1992) Influence of human chorionic gonadotrophine, oestradiol and progesterone on uteroplacental and corpus luteum bloodflow in normal early pregnancy. Hum Reprod 7:1467–1473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D, Campbell S (1995) Current topic: in vivo investigation of the placental circulations by Doppler echography. Placenta 16:323–331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Hempstock J, Greenwold N, Burton GJ (2003a) Trophoblastic oxidative stress in relation to temporal and regional differences in maternal placental blood flow in normal and abnormal early pregnancies. Am J Pathol 162:115–125

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Greenwold N, Hempstock J, Burton GJ (2003b) Comparison of ultrasonigraphic and Doppler mapping of the intervillous circulation in normal and abnormal early pregnancies. Fertil Steril 79:100–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Gulbis B, Burton GJ (2003c) The human first trimester gestational sac limits rather than facilitates oxygen transfer to the foetus – a review. Placenta 24(Suppl A):86–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Johns J, Burton GJ (2005) The role of ultrasound imaging in diagnosing and investigating early pregnancy failure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 25:613–624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karsdorp VH, van Vupt JM, van Geign HP, Kostense PJ, Arduini D, Montenegro N, Todros T (1994) Clinical significance of absent or reversed enddiastolic velocity waveforms in umbilical artery. Lancet 344:1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann P, Castellucci M (1997) Extravillous trophoblast in the human placenta. Troph Res 10:21

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann P, Kingdom J (1999) Development of the placenta and its circulation. In Fetal medicine Hrsg Rodeck CH, Whittle MJ. London: Churchill Livingstone

    Google Scholar 

  • Khaliq A, Dunk C, Jiang J, Shams M, Li X, Acevedo C, Weich H, Whittle M, Ahmed A (1999) Hypoxia down-regulates placenta growth factor whereas fetal growth restriction up-regulates placenta growth factor expression: molecular evidence for „placental hyperoxia“ in intrauterine growth restriction. Lab Invest 79:151–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kingdom JCP, Kaufmann P (1997) Oxygen and placental villous development: origins of fetal hypoxia. Placenta 18:613–621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knöfler M (2010) Critical growth factors and signalling pathways controlling human trophoblast invasion. Int J Dev Biol 54(2–3):269–280

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurjak A, Pedranic M, Kupesic-Urek S (1993) Transvaginal color Doppler in the assessment of placental bloodflow. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 49:29–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lala PK, Chakroborty C (2003) Factors regulating trophoblast migration and invasiveness: possible derangements contributing to pre-eclampsia and fetal injury. Placenta 24:575–587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lala PK, Graham C (1990) Mechanisms of trophoblast invasiveness and their control: the role of proteases and protease inhibitors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 9:369–379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lash GE, Robson SC, Bulmer JN (2010) Review: functional role of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells in human early pregnancy decidua. Placenta 31(Suppl):S87–S92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine RJ, Maynard SE, Quian C et al (2004) Circulating angiogenetic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 350(7):672–683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood C, Huang SJ, Kikrun G, Caze R, Rahman M, Buchwalder LF, Schatz F (2011) Decidual hemostasis, inflammmation and angiogenesis in pre-eclampsia. Semin Thromb Hemost 37:158–164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loquet P, Broughton–Pipkin F, Symonds E, Rubin P (1988) Blood velocity waveforms and placental vascular formation. Lancet 2:1252–1253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luckardt M, Leiser R, Kingdom JCP, Malek A, Sager R, Kaisig C, Schneider H (1996) Effect of physiologic perfusion fixation on the morphometrically evaluated dimensions of the term placental cotyledon. J Soc Gynecol Investig 3:166–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macara L, Kingdom JC, Kaufmann P, Cohnen G, Hair J, More IA, Lyall F, Greer IA (1996) Structural analysis of placental terminal villi from growth-restricted pregnancies with abnormal umbilical artery Dopplerwaveforms. Placenta 17:37–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin CB, Ramsey EM, Donner MW (1966) The fetal placental circulation in Rhesus monkeys demonstrated by radioanglography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 95:943

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin AM, Bindra R, Curcio P, Cicero S, Nocolaides KH (2001) Screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction by uterine artery Doppler at 11–14 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18:583–589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntire RH, Hunt SS (2005) Antigen presenting cells HLA-G – a review. Placenta 26(Suppl A):S104–S109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mercé LT, Barco MJ, Alcazar JL, Sabatel R, Troyano J (2009) Intervillous and uteroplacental circulation in normal early pregnancy and early pregnancy loss asessed by 3-dimensional power Doppler angiography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 200:315.e1–315.e8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JF, Williamsen E, Glue J, Gordon YB, Grudzinkas JG, Sykes A (1980) Fetal loss after implantation. A prospective study. Lancet 2(8194):554–556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffet-King A (2002) Natural killer cells and pregnancy. Natl Rev Immunol 2:656–663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffett A, Hiby SE (2007) How does the maternal immune system contribute to the development of preeclampsia? Placenta 28((Suppl A, Trophoblast Research) 21):S51–S56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrish DW, Dakour J, Li H (1998) Functional regulation of human trophoblast differentiation. J Reprod Immunol 39:179–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols J, Zevnik B, Anastassiadis K, Niwa H, Klewe-Nebenius D, Chambers I, Scholer H, Smith A (1998) Formation of pluripotent stem cells in the mammalian embryo depends on the POU transcription factor Oct4. Cell 95:379–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pijnenborg R (1990) Trophoblast invasion and placentation in the human: morphological aspects. In: Denker HW, Aplin JD (Hrsg) Trophoblast research, Bd. 4. Trophoblast invasion and endometrial receptivity. Novel aspects of embryo implantation. Plenum Publishing, New York/London, S 33–47

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pijnenborg R, Dixon G, Robertson WB, Brosens I (1980) Trophoblastic invasion of human decidua from 8–18 weeks of pregnancy. Placenta 1:3–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pijnenborg R, Bland JM, Robertson WB, Brosens I (1983) Uteroplacental arterial changes related to interstitial trophoblast migration in early human pregnancy. Placenta 4:397–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilalis A, Souka AP, Antsaklis P, Basayannis K, Benardis P, Haidopoulos D, Papantoniou N, Mesogitis S, Antsaklis A (2007) Screening for pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age fetuses at the 11-14 weeks scan by uterine artery Dopplers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 86:530–534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pötgens AJ, Schmitz K, Bose P et al (2002) Mechanisms of syncytial fusion – al review. Placenta 23(Suppl A):107–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raghupathy R (2001) Pregnancy: success and failure within the Th1/Th2/Th3 paradigm. Semin Immunol 13:219–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey EM, Donner MW (1980) Placental vasculature and circulation. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey EM, Corner GW, Donner MW (1963) Serial and cineradioangiographic visualization of maternal circulation in the primate (hemochoriai). Placenta Am J Obstet Gynecol 86:213

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redman CW, Sargent IL (2005) Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science 308:1592–1594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redman CW, Sargent (2010) Immunology of preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 63:534–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robb L, Li R, Hartley L, Nandurkar HH, Koentgen F, Begley CG (1998) Infertility in female mice lacking the receptor for interleukin 11 is due to a defective uterine response to implantation. Nat Med 4:303–308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodesch F, Simon P, Donner C, Jauniaux E (1992) Oxygen measurements in endometrial and trophoblastic tissue during early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 80:283–285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russ AP, Wattler S, Colledge WH et al (2000) Eomesodermin is required for mouse trophoblast development and mesoderm formation. Nature 404:95–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schluchter K, Metzenbauer M, Hafner E, Philipp K (2001) Uterine artery Doppler and placental volume in the first trimester in the prediction of pregnancy complications. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18:590–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H (2011) Oxygenation of the placental-fetal unit in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 178(1):51–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H, Baumann M (2013) Präeklampsie, Pathogenese und Vorhersage. Gynäkologe 46:193–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart CL, Kaspar P, Brunet LJ, Bhatt H, Gadi I, Kontgen F, Abbondanzo SJ (1992) Blastocyst implantation depends on maternal expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor. Nature 359:76–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson AL, Palmer ME, Jauniaux E, Burton GJ (1997) Variations in expression of copper/zink superoxide dismutase in villous trophoblast of the human placenta with gestational age. Placenta 18:295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanaka Y, Ralston A, Stephenson RO, Rossant J (2006) Cell and molecular regulation of the mouse blastocyst. Dev Dyn 235:2301–2314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y, Damsky CH, Chiu K, Roberts JM, Fisher SJ (1993) Preeclampsia is associated with abnormal expression of adhesion molecules by invasive cytotrophoblasts. J Clin Invest 91:950–960

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Inselspital, Effingerstr. 102, 3010, Bern, Schweiz

    Henning Schneider & Luigi Raio

  2. AKH, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Abt. für Geburtshilfe und feto-maternale Medizin, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich

    Jürgen Pollheimer & Martin Knöfler

Authors
  1. Henning Schneider
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luigi Raio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jürgen Pollheimer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Martin Knöfler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Henning Schneider .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Univ.Klinikum Bern Frauenklinik, Bern, Switzerland

    Henning Schneider

  2. Klinische Abt. Geburtshilfe und Feto-maternale Medizin, Medizinische Universität Wien Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Wien, Austria

    Peter-Wolf Husslein

  3. München, Germany

    Karl - Theo Maria Schneider

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Schneider, H., Raio, L., Pollheimer, J., Knöfler, M. (2015). Präimplantation, Implantation und Plazentation. In: Schneider, H., Husslein, PW., Schneider, K . (eds) Die Geburtshilfe. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_1-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_1-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-44369-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Medizin

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Präimplantation, Implantation und Plazentation
    Published:
    07 October 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_1-2

  2. Original

    Präimplantation, Implantation und Plazentation
    Published:
    20 February 2015

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_1-1

Search

Navigation