Abstract
The vast majority of the Belgian Muslim population is tied in one way or another to an appeal made to immigrant guest workers by the Belgian public authorities in the 1960s. Despite the lack of previous colonial relations and thanks to strong economic ties and significant coordination efforts by Belgian diplomats and representatives there, Morocco and Turkey became the main countries of origin. A large fraction of Moroccan and Turkish migrants were granted Belgian nationality in the 1970s. Consequently, Islam became increasingly visible in the public space and former immigrants were increasingly labelled as Muslims. One of the first research agendas related to the insertion of Islam in Belgium focused on its institutionalization into the Belgian state and church system. If the study of the various forms of belonging to Islam has been the topic of much research, the study of minority groups within Islam is scarce. And if some very interesting research exists on mobilizations seeking the political representation of Muslims, the analysis of Islamist movements is complexified by the hysterical nature of the public debate related to Islam and Muslims in the aftermath of terrorist attacks. Finally, regarding future challenges, despite the enormous account on institutionalization of Islam, few research have described the trajectories of Imams and even less how religious content produced by woman and/or on social media influences the construction of religious authority.
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Notes
- 1.
Persons from non-EU countries can for example get, under strict conditions, a temporary visa to study or to work. At the end of this period, if they decide to stay in Belgium, their permit is no longer valid and they thus enter in a phase of “illegal” stay on the territory.
- 2.
See his blog http://www.npdata.be/BuG/448-Moslims/ (accessed the 18th of November 2022).
- 3.
781.887 musulmans vivent en Belgique: découvrez la carte, commune par commune, Sudinfo.Be, 25th of Mai 2016, https://www.sudinfo.be/art/1580627/article/2016-05-24/781887-musulmans-vivent-en-belgique-decouvrez-la-carte-commune-par-commune (accessed the 18th of November 2022). It was possible to click on each locality to access the precise percentage of Muslims. This option is no longer available, maybe because of the controversy the publication of this map has raised, see for example: Stigmatisation ou sociologie ? Une carte des musulmans belges fait polémique, FranceInfo, https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/stigmatisation-ou-sociologie-une-carte-des-musulmans-belges-fait-polemique_1467419.html, (26th of May 2016 accessed the 18th of November 2022).
- 4.
Pas de subsides pour l’Exécutif des Musulmans de Belgique en 2022. (2021, December 16). Le Vif. https://www.levif.be/belgique/pas-de-subsides-pour-lexecutif-des-musulmans-de-belgique-en-2022/. (accessed the 21th of September 2022).
- 5.
While Islam was recognized in 1974, the first recognitions of mosques (and thus of imams) for example only occurred in 2004 in Flanders.
- 6.
Vincent Van Quickenborne a procédé au retrait de la reconnaissance de l’Exécutif des Musulmans de Belgique. (2022, September 15). RTBF.Be. https://www.rtbf.be/article/vincent-van-quickenborne-a-procede-au-retrait-de-la-reconnaissance-de-lexecutif-des-musulmans-de-belgique-11067134 (accessed the 21th of September 2022).
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Torrekens, C. (2024). Muslims in Belgium: From Immigrant Guestworkers to a Polymorphic and Contested Minority. In: Ceylan, R., Mücke, M. (eds) Muslims in Europe. Islam in der Gesellschaft. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43044-3_2
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