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Andere Sichtweisen auf Intersektionalität

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Zusammenfassung

Dieses Kapitel befasst sich mit Sehen als soziokulturellem Prozess sowie mit der Frage, ob ein Sehen, das über etablierte Kategorien hinausgeht, möglich ist. Nowicka zeichnet darin Versuche nach, Andere in Bezug auf Geschlecht, Sexualität, race und Ethnizität in klar abgrenzbare Gruppen einzuordnen. Ausgehend von Forschung in Kognitionswissenschaft und Philosophie untersucht sie, wie wir von unstrukturierten sensorischen visuellen Erfahrungen zu einzelnen sozialen Kategorien gelangen. Im Mittelpunkt des Kapitels steht dabei die Frage nach anderen Möglichkeiten und Kategorien, die einer intersektionalen Erfahrung des In-der-Welt-Seins besser entsprechen. Schließlich verweist das Kapitel auf die zentrale Rolle, die Aufmerksamkeit in diesem Kontext zukommt, und diskutiert sowohl die Bedeutung des wissenschaftlichen Blicks als auch das Potential künstlerischer Auseinandersetzung in Bezug auf intersektionalere Sichtweisen.

Wir sehen die Dinge nicht, wie sie sind,sondern so, wie wir sind.

Dieses Zitat wird der Schriftstellerin Anaïs Nin (1961) zugeschrieben, ist aber auch im talmudischen Konzept der Traumanalyse enthalten und wird seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in zahlreichen, auch wissenschaftlichen Texten erwähnt.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Die Kognitionswissenschaft ist ein interdisziplinäres Gebiet, das sich mit der Erforschung des Geistes und damit zusammenhängenden Prozessen beschäftigt. Kognitionswissenschaftler*innen bedienen sich der Linguistik, Psychologie, Forschung zu künstlicher Intelligenz, Philosophie, Neurowissenschaft und Anthropologie, um Phänomene wie Erinnerung, visuelle Wahrnehmung oder Spracherwerb zu verstehen.

  2. 2.

    Alle Namen der Interviewpartner*innen wurden geändert.

  3. 3.

    Das Zitat ist einem Interview entnommen, das vom Team des TRANSFORmIG-Projekts (ERC-Grant Nr. 313369 für Magdalena Nowicka, 2013–2018) geführt wurde. Weitere Informationen über das Projekt, seinen Aufbau und die Stichprobe sind in verschiedenen von Nowicka veröffentlichten Artikeln zu finden. Das Zitat und seine Analyse wurden in Wojnicka und Nowicka (2021) veröffentlicht. In der Analyse werden die Formulierungen der Forschungsteilnehmer*innen verwendet, auch wenn einige Ausdrücke im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs und darüber hinaus nicht mehr üblich sind. Die befragten Migrant*innen identifizierten sich selbst als Pol*innen.

  4. 4.

    Interviewt von Agata Lisiak im Rahmen des TRANSFORmIG-Projekts (Lisiak 2017).

  5. 5.

    Alle Interviews aus dem Jahr 2011 wurden im Rahmen des Projekts von Magdalena Nowicka geführt und vom Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung multireligiöser und multiethnischer Gesellschaften finanziert (Forschungsstipendium 2010–2013).

  6. 6.

    Er verwechselt Ciabatta, ein italienisches Weißbrot, mit dem indischen Fladenbrot Chapati.

  7. 7.

    Dieses und das folgende Zitat stammen aus zwei Interviews, die 2014 im Rahmen des TRANSFORmIG-Projekts geführt wurden.

  8. 8.

    Bei der US-Volkszählung 2013 wählten 6,9 % der Befragten, also etwa neun Millionen, zwei oder mehr der verfügbaren Kategorien für sich bei race aus. Laut einer Analyse von Daten des statistischen Bundesamts durch das Pew Research Center war 2015 eines von sieben US-Kindern (14 %) multiracial oder multiethnic, fast dreimal so viele wie 1980. Mixed-race Menschen sind die am schnellsten wachsende ethnische Gruppe im Vereinigten Königreich. Bei der letzten Volkszählung 2011 bezeichneten sich 1,25 Millionen Befragte, also doppelt so viele wie bei der Volkszählung 2001, als mixed-race.

  9. 9.

    Diese Forschungsarbeiten beziehen sich routinemäßig auf race oder rassifizierte Gruppen, was im Widerspruch zum wissenschaftlichen Konsens steht, dass es keine biologischen ‚Rassen‘ gibt. In der Annahme, dass die Autor*innen race oder racial group verwenden, um Kategorien sozialer Identität zu bezeichnen, werden alle Verweise auf race (wie auch sonst im Buch) in diesem Abschnitt kursiv gesetzt, um den sozialen Charakter dieser Konzepte zu unterstreichen.

  10. 10.

    In experimentellen Studien zu Kognition und Stereotypisierung wird häufig Software eingesetzt, um Gesichtsmerkmale, die mit Geschlecht und race verbunden werden, zu verändern. Es ist unklar, ob die Software, wie etwa Gesichtserkennungssoftware, selbst bereits rassistisch beeinflusst ist, was sich wiederum auf die Forschungsergebnisse auswirken könnte. Möglicherweise entsprechen die Modifikationen einem Spektrum von Gesichtsmerkmalen, aber die für die Datenanalyse vorgenommene Kategorisierung ist ihrerseits von Stereotypen verzerrt.

  11. 11.

    Unaufmerksamkeit wird auch von KI-Software erlernt, was zu rassifizierter/rassistischer Voreingenommenheit führen kann (vgl. Bacchini und Lorusso 2019).

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Nowicka, M. (2022). Wo Differenz beginnt. In: Andere Sichtweisen auf Intersektionalität . Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38757-0_2

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