Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimente

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fortgeschrittene Analyseverfahren in den Sozialwissenschaften

Part of the book series: Grundwissen Politik ((GPOL))

  • 15k Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Während traditionelle empirische Analysen in den Sozialwissenschaften meist auf Beobachtungsdaten basieren, greifen Forscher bei Experimenten gezielt in die Datenerhebung ein und manipulieren die sie interessierende unabhängige Variable. Mit Hilfe der Randomisierung der Versuchspersonen in Experimental- und Kontrollbedingungen lassen sich so kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen Variablen entdecken und überprüfen. Experimente sind damit ein wichtiger Baustein im Methoden-Mix der Sozialwissenschaften und eignen sich insbesondere zur Überprüfung spezifischer Theorien und Hypothesen. Der Beitrag bietet eine Einführung in die Logik sozialwissenschaftlicher Experimente, stellt die wichtigsten Begriffe vor, beschreibt unterschiedliche Formen von Experimenten und verdeutlicht an zwei Anwendungsbeispielen das Potential und die Herausforderungen von experimentellen Designs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 34.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Alexander, Deborah, und Kristi Andersen. 1993. Gender as a factor in the attribution of leadership traits. Political Research Quarterly 46(4): 527–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angrist, Joshua D., Guido W. Imbens, und Donald B. Rubin. 1996. Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association 91(434): 444–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, Elliot, Marilynn B. Brewer, und J. Merrill Carlsmith. 1985. Experimentation in social psychology. In Handbook of social psychology, Hrsg. Lindzey Gardner und Elliot Aronson, 441–486. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, Joachim, Nina Baur, und Nathalie Behnke. 2006. Empirische Methoden der Politikwissenschaft. Paderborn: Schöningh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berinsky, Adam J. 2002. Political context and the survey response. The dynamics of racial policy opinion. Journal of Politics 64(2): 567–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowler, Shaun, David M. Farrell, und Robin T. Pettitt. 2005. Expert opinion on electoral systems: So which electoral system is best? Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 15(1): 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Steven R., und Lawrence E. Melamed. 1990. Experimental design and analysis. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, Barbara. 2008. Likeable? Effective commander in Chief? Polling on candidate traits in the ‚year of the presidential woman‘. PS: Political Science & Politics 41(4): 747–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camerer, Colin, und Robin Hogarth. 1999. The effects of financial incentives in experiments. A review and capital-labor-production framework. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 19(1): 7–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, Donald T., und Julian C. Stanley. 1966. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaffee, Steven. 2000. Televised Presidential debates and public policy. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 12(2): 333–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chong, Dennis, und James N. Druckman. 2007. Framing public opinion in competitive democracies. American Political Science Review 101(3): 637–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, Harold D., Allan Kornberg, Chris McIntyre, Petra Bauer-Kaase, und Max Kaase. 1999. The effect of economic priorities on the measurement of value change. New experimental evidence. American Political Science Review 93(3): 637–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, Thomas D., und und Donald T. Campbell. 1979. Quasi-Experimentation. Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diermeier, Daniel, und Rebecca Morton. 2005. Experiments in majoritarian bargaining. In Social choice and strategic decisions: Essays in honor of Jeffrey S. Banks, Hrsg. David Austen-Smith und John Duggan, 201–226. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, Kathleen. 2014. Gender stereotypes, candidate evaluations, and voting for women candidates: What really matters? Political Research Quarterly 67(1): 96–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, Kathleen, und Kira Sanbonmatsu. 2011. Candidate gender and experimental political science. In Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, Hrsg. James Druckman, Donald P. Greene, James H. Kuklinski und Arthur Lupia, 289–298. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckman, James, und Cindy K. Kam. 2011. Students as experimental participants: A defence of the narrow data base. In Cambridge handbook of experimental political science, Hrsg. James Druckman, Donald P. Greene, James H. Kuklinski und Arthur Lupia, 41–57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckman, James N. 2003. The Power of television images. The first Kennedy-Nixon debate revisited. The Journal of Politics 65(3): 559–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckman, James N., Donald P. Green, James H. Kuklinski, und Arthur Lupia. 2006. The growth and delevopment of experimental research in political science. American Political Science Review 100(4): 627–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckman, James N., Donald P. Greene, James H. Kuklinski, und Arthur Lupia, Hrsg. 2011. Cambridge handbook of experimental political science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faas, Thorsten, und Sascha Huber. 2010. Experimente in der Politikwissenschaft: Vom Mauerblümchen zum Mainstream. Politische Vierteljahresschrift 51(4): 721–749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faas, Thorsten, Cornelia Frank, und Harald Schoen, Hrsg. 2015. Politische Psychologie, Politische Vierteljahresschrift Sonderheft 50. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faas, Thorsten, Jürgen Maier, und Michaela Maier, Hrsg. 2017. Merkel gegen Steinbrück: Analysen zum TV-Duell vor der Bundestagswahl 2013. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, Ronald A. 1935. The design of experiments. London: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, Mark N. 2004. Voter turnout and the dynamics of electoral competition in established democracies since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaines, Brian J., James H. Kuklinski, und Paul J. Quirk. 2007. The logic of the survey experiment reexamined. Political Analysis 15(1): 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, Alan S., und Donald P. Green. 2008. Field experiments and natural experiments. In Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, Hrsg. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady und David Collier, 357–381. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, Alan S., Dean Karlan, und Daniel Bergan. 2009. Does the media matter? A Field experiment measuring the effect of newspapers on voting behavior and political opinions. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1(2): 35–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giger, Nathalie, und Sascha Huber. 2015. Der Einfluss des Geschlechts auf Kandidatenbeurteilungen: Eine experimentelle Studie zu Kontexteffekten und individuellen Faktoren in Deutschland. Politische Vierteljahresschrift Sonderheft 50:333–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, Gerd, und Peter M. Todd. 1999. Simple Heuristics that make us smart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, Donald P., und Alan S. Gerber. 2003. The underprovision of experiments in political science. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 589(1): 94–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, Donald P., und Alan S. Gerber. 2004. Introduction. American Behavioral Scientist 47(3): 485–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hainmueller, Jens, und Holger L. Kern. 2008. Incumbency as a source of spillover effects in mixed electoral systems: Evidence from a regression-discontinuity design. Electoral Studies 27(2): 213–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, Glenn W., und John A. List. 2004. Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature 42(4): 1009–1055.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrich, Joseph, Steven J. Heine, und Ara Norenzayan. 2010. The Weirdest people in the world. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33(2–3): 61–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, Sascha. 2012. Strukturen des Politischen Kontexts und die Demokratische Kompetenz der Wähler. Experimentelle Studien zur Urteils- und Entscheidungsbildung. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huddy, Leonie, und Nayda Terkildsen. 1993a. The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly 46(3): 503–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huddy, Leonie, und Nayda Terkildsen. 1993b. Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37(1): 119–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, Susan D. 2010. Experimenting in democracy promotion. International observers and the 2004 presidential elections in Indonesia. Perspectives on Politics 8(4): 511–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, R. Mark, und James M. Walker. 1988. Communication and free-riding behavior. The voluntary contribution mechanism. Economic Inquiry 26(3): 585–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is anyone responsible? How television frames political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jäckle, Sebastian. 2015. Experimente. In Methodologie, Methoden, Forschungsdesign. Ein Lehrbuch für fortgeschrittene Studierende der Politikwissenschaft, Hrsg. Achim Hildebrandt, Sebastian Jäckle, Frieder Wolf und Andreas Heindl, 13–35. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackman, Robert W. 1987. Political institutions and voter turnout in industrial democracies. American Political Science Review 81(3): 405–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, Julian, Dean Karlan, und Laura Schechter. 2008. To deceive or not to deceive. The effect of deception on behavior in future laboratory experiments. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 68(3): 477–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagel, John H., und Alvin E. Roth. 1995. The handbook of experimental economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keuschnigg, Marc, und Tobias Wolbring, Hrsg. 2015. Experimente in den Sozialwissenschaften, Soziale Welt – Sonderband 22. Nomos: Baden-Baden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinder, Donald R., und Thomas R. Palfrey. 1993. On behalf on an experimental political science. In Experimental foundations of political science, Hrsg. Donald R. Kinder und Thomas R. Palfrey, 1–39. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, David C., und Richard E. Matland. 2003. Sex and the grand old party an experimental investigation of the effect of candidate sex on support for a republican candidate. American Politics Research 31(6): 595–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, Jeffrey W. 2000. Do citizens apply gender stereotypes to infer candidates’ ideological orientations? The Journal of Politics 62(3): 414–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, Jeffrey W. 2002. Gender stereotypes and citizens’ impressions of house candidates’ ideological orientations. American Journal of Political Science 46(2): 453–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubbe, Ina. 2016. Experimente in der Politikwissenschaft. Eine methodische Einführung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, Richard R., und David P. Redlawsk. 2006. How voters decide: Information processing during election campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, Jennifer. 2004. Women, War, and winning elections: Gender stereotyping in the post-september 11th era. Political Research Quarterly 57(3): 479–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leeper, Mark S. 1991. The impact of prejudice on female candidates: An experimental look at voter inference. American Politics Research 19(2): 248–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lijphart, Arend. 1971. Comparative politics and the comparative method. American Political Science Review 65(3): 682–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matland, Richard E. 1994. Putting scandinavian equality to the test: An experimental evaluation of gender stereotyping of political candidates in a sample of Norwegian voters. British Journal of Political Science 24(2): 273–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matland, Richard, und David King. 2002. Women as candidates in congressional elections. In Women transforming congress, Hrsg. Cindy Simon Rosenthal, 119–145. Norman: Oklahoma University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, Monika L. 1998. Race and gender cues in low-information elections. Political Research Quarterly 51(4): 895–918.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, Rose. 2002. Experimental methodology in political science. Political Analysis 10(2): 325–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKelvey, Richard D., und Peter C. Ordeshook. 1985. Elections with limited information. A fulfilled expectations model using contemporaneous poll and endorsement data as informational sources. Journal of Economic Theory 36(1): 55–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, Rebecca B., und Kenneth C. Williams. 1999. Information asymmetries and simultaneous versus sequential voting. American Political Science Review 93(1): 51–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, Rebecca B., und Kenneth C. Williams. 2008. Experimentation in political science. In The Oxford handbook of political methodology, Hrsg. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady und David Collier, 339–356. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, Thomas E., und Donald R. Kinder. 1996. Issue frames and group-centrism in American public opinion. Journal of Politics 58(4): 1055–1078.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson, David W. 2008. Is voting contagious? Evidence from two field experiments. American Political Science Review 102(1): 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olken, Benjamin. 2010. Direct democracy and local public goods. Evidence from a field experiment in Indonesia. American Political Science Review 104(2): 243–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, Elinor, Roy Gardner, und James Walker. 1994. Rules, games, and common-pool resources. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pappi, Franz U., und Paul W. Thurner. 2002. Electoral behaviour in a two-vote system: Incentives for ticket splitting in German bundestag elections. European Journal of Political Research 41(1): 207–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, B. Guy. 1998. Comparative politics. Theory and methods. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plott, Charles R. 1991. Will economics become an experimental science? Southern Economic Journal 57(4): 901–919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, Gregory, John E. McNulty, und Jonathan S. Krasno. 2009. Observing the counterfactual? The search for political experiments in nature. Political Analysis 17(2): 341–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, Richard. 1966. Experimenter effects in behavioral research. East Norwalk: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapiro, Virginia. 1981. If us Senator Baker were a woman: An experimental study of candidate images. Political Psychology 3(1): 61–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt-Beck, Rüdiger. 1993. Denn sie wissen nicht, was sie tun. Zum Verständnis des Verfahrens der Bundestagswahl bei westdeutschen und ostdeutschen Wählern. Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 24(3): 395–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoen, Harald. 1999. Split-ticket voting in German federal elections, 1953–1990: An example of sophisticated balloting? Electoral Studies 18(3): 473–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schudson, Michael. 1995. The power of news. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, David O. 1986. College sophomores in the laboratory. Influence of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51(3): 515–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadish, William R., Thomas D. Cook, und Donald T. Campbell. 2002. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shugart, Matthew Soberg, und Martin P. Wattenberg, Hrsg. 2001. Mixed-member electoral systems: The best of both worlds? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Vernon L. 1976. Experimental economics. Induced value theory. American Economic Review 66(2): 274–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sniderman, Paul M., und Douglas B. Grob. 1996. Innovations in experimental design in attitude surveys. Annual Review of Sociology 22(2): 377–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sniderman, Paul M., Louk Hagendoorn, und Markus Prior. 2004. Predisposing factors and situational triggers: Exclusionary reactions to immigrant minorities. American Political Science Review 98(1): 35–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, Frank. 2000. The first debate over presidential debates. Newsweek, September 25.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Politikwissenschaft, Mainz, Deutschland

    Sascha Huber

Authors
  1. Sascha Huber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sascha Huber .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fakultät für Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany

    Markus Tausendpfund

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Der/die Herausgeber bzw. der/die Autor(en), exklusiv lizenziert durch Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Huber, S. (2020). Experimente. In: Tausendpfund, M. (eds) Fortgeschrittene Analyseverfahren in den Sozialwissenschaften. Grundwissen Politik. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30237-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30237-5_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer VS, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-658-30236-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-658-30237-5

  • eBook Packages: Social Science and Law (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation