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The limits of democratization through a regional hegemon: South African linkage and leverage and the skewed playing field in Lesotho party competition

Die Grenzen der Demokratisierung durch einen regionalen Hegemon: Die Verbindungen Lesothos mit seinem Nachbar Südafrika und die ungleichen Voraussetzungen im Parteienwettbewerb

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Democratization and Competitive Authoritarianism in Africa

Abstract

This article has two aims: First, it examines the effect of a democratic and non-Western regional hegemon on democratization processes in neighboring countries, applied to the case of South Africa and its influence on democratization in Lesotho. Second, it applies Levitsky and Way’s framework to the case of Lesotho. The results of the analysis attenuate optimism about the potential of democratic non-Western regional hegemons to replace missing Western linkage and induce full democratization in neighboring countries. The analysis shows there is high linkage and leverage between South Africa and Lesotho according to Levitsky and Way’s measurement. Yet the 2012 turnover through elections in Lesotho turns out to be a sign of unstable competitive authoritarianism, rather than an indication of an evolution towards full democratization, i.e. it is the result of high Western and South African leverage, low Western linkage, and low organizational power of the incumbent party. A qualitative assessment of linkage between South Africa and Lesotho shows that linkage between the two countries is not as dense as suggested by the measurement according to Levitsky and Way’s criteria. This calls into question whether their measurement criteria for linkage actually reflect their own hypothesized role of linkage.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel hat zwei Ziele: Erstens untersucht er den Effekt eines demokratischen und nicht-westlichen Hegemons auf Demokratisierungsprozesse in Nachbarsländern, aufgezeigt am südafrikanischen Einfluss auf die Demokratisierung in Lesotho. Zweitens wendet er Levitsky und Ways Theorie im Fall Lesothos an. Die Resultate der Analyse dämpfen allzu starken Optimismus bezüglich des Potentials demokratischer, nicht-westlicher regionaler Hegemone, fehlende Verbindungen mit dem Westen wettzumachen und vollständige Demokratisierung in Nachbarsländern herbeizuführen. Die Analyse zeigt, dass gemäß Levitsky und Ways Messmethode starke Verbindungen zwischen der Regionalmacht Süda frika und dem kleinen Lesotho bestehen. Jedoch signalisiert der durch die Wahlen im Jahr 2012 herbeigeführte Machtwechsel in Lesotho instabilen kompetitiven Autoritarismus und nicht den Endpunkt einer Entwicklung hin zur vollständigen Demokratie. Der Machtwechsel ist folglich ein Produkt westlichen und südafrikanischen Drucks, geringer Verbindungen mit dem Westen und schwacher organisatorischer Kapazität der regierenden Partei. Eine qualitative Analyse der Verbindungen zwischen Südafrika und Lesotho zeigt, dass die Verbindungen zwischen den beiden Ländern nicht so dicht sind wie die Messung nach Levitsky und Ways Kriterien vermuten lassen würde. Dies wirft die Frage auf, ob Levitsky und Ways Messkriterien tatsächlich die von ihnen postulierte Rolle von Verbindungen zwischen kompetitiv-autoritären Staaten und demokratischen Hegemonen abzubilden vermögen.

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Matthijs Bogaards Sebastian Elischer

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van Eerd, J. (2016). The limits of democratization through a regional hegemon: South African linkage and leverage and the skewed playing field in Lesotho party competition. In: Bogaards, M., Elischer, S. (eds) Democratization and Competitive Authoritarianism in Africa. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft – Sonderhefte. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09216-0_8

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