Abstract
This chapter retraces the development of the Hizmet or Gülen movement from a small group in Turkish İzmir into a transnational network operating in several countries, one offering a wide range of services such as remedial teaching schools, media channels, and NGOs and that is highly attractive for second-generation Turks. The first part of the chapter explores the history of Turkish immigration to France and Germany and the structures of Muslim organizations existing among Turkish immigrants in these countries. It describes how associational life among the first generation of Turks focused on the mosque, on various informal services gathered around it, and on a “cultural folk Islam” tied to Turkish ethnicity. It was only later that some transnational, but also fundamentalist, Muslim organizations such as Süleymancilar, IGMG, or Kaplancilar appeared. Following on, in the second part of the chapter we outline the historical development of the Hizmet movement and its current structures in France and Germany. By using several interactions between Hizmet representatives and members of the national governments in France and Germany as examples, we show the degree of acceptance and institutionalization that the movement currently enjoys. As a general conclusion we suggest that Hizmet offers an alternative religiosity because of its transnational orientation, its decentralized, bottom-up structure, and its combination of secular and pious practices, allowing young Turkish Muslims to become involved in society, to be successful, and to live their faith in a way that suits them and their values.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Abgeordnetenhaus Berlin (September 9, 2012). Kleine Anfrage des Abgeordneten Hakan Tas (DIE LINKE), Drucksache 17/10986.
Agai, B. (2003). The Gulen Movement’s Islamic Ethic of Education. In H. Yavuz & J. Esposito (Eds.), Turkish Islam and the Secular State. The Gulen Movement (pp. 46–67). New York: Syracuse University Press.
Agai, B. (2010). Die Arbeit der Gulen-Bewegung in Deutschland: Akteure, Rahmenbedingungen, Motivation und Diskurse. In W. Homolka, J. Hafner, A. Kosman, E. Karakoyun (Eds.), Muslime zwischen Tradition und Moderne. Die Gulen-Bewegung als Brucke zwischen den Kulturen (pp. 9–55). Freiburg: Herder
Akgonul, S. (2008). Din, Cok Bağımlılık ve Kimlik Korkusu Ekseninde Fransa Turkleri. In D. Danıs & V. Irtis (Eds.), Entegrasyonun Otesinde Turkiye’den Fransa’ya Goc ve Gocmenlik Halleri (pp. 91–119). Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yay.
Al-Sayyad, N., & Castells, M. (Eds., 2001). Muslim Europe or Euro–Islam. Lanham: Lexington.
Allievi, S., & Nielsen, J. (Eds., 2003). Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and across Europe. Boston: Brill.
Allievi, S. (2003). The International Dimension. In B. Marechal, S. Allievi, F. Dassetto, J. Nielsen (Eds.), Muslims in the Enlarged Europe. Religion and Society (pp. 449–488). Boston: Brill.
Amiraux, V. (2003). Turkish Political Islam and Europe: Story of an Opportunistic Intimacy. In S. Allievi & J. Nielsen (Eds.), Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and across Europe (pp. 146–170). Boston: Brill.
Bruce, B. (2012). Les imams âªexportesâ« de la Diyanet en France: enjeu de politique etrangere, enjeu de politique interieure. Cahiers de l’obtic, 2(1), 15–20.
Caymaz, B. (2002). Les mouvements islamiques turcs a Paris. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Cetin, M. (2009). The Gulen Movement: Civic Service Without Borders. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press.
Citak, Z. (2012). D’acteur national a transnational: la Diyanet en Europe. Cahiers de l’obtic, 2(1), 9–14.
Danıs, D., & Irtis, V. (Eds., 2008). Entegrasyonun Otesinde Turkiye’den Fransa’ya Goc ve Gocmenlik Halleri. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yay.
Danıs, D., & Ustel, F. (2008). Turkiyeden Fransa’ya Gocun Toplumsal ve Tarihsel Boyutları. In D. Danıs & V. Irtis (Eds.), Entegrasyonun Otesinde Turkiyeden Fransaya Goc ve Gocmenlik Halleri (pp. 1–34). Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yay.
Demir, E. (2012). The emergence of a neo–communitarian discourse in the Turkish diaspora in Europe: the implantation strategies and competition logics of the Gulen movement in France and in Germany. In P. Weller & I. Yilmaz (Eds.), European Muslims, Civility and Public Life. Perspectives on and from the Gulen Movement (pp. 101–112). London/New York: Continuum.
Ebaugh, H. R. (2010). The Gulen Movement. A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam. Wiesbaden: VS Springer.
Etudeplus (2014). http://www.etudeplus.com/produit/qui-sommes-nous. Accessed February 20, 2014.
Ergene, E. (2009). Tradition Witnessing the Modern Age. An Analysis of the Gulen Movement. New Jersey: Tughra Books.
Freitag, U., & von Oppen, A. (Eds., 2010). Translocality: The Study of Globalising Processes From a Southern Perspective. Leiden: Brill NV.
Gervereau, L., Milza, P., Temime, E. (Eds., 1998). Toute la France. Histoire de l’immigration en France aux XX siecle. Paris: Somogy.
Gole, N. (2003). The Voluntary Adoption of Islamic Stigma Symbols. Social Research, 70(3), 809–828.
Gole, N. (2006). Islamic Visibilities and Public Sphere. In N. Gole & L. Ammann (Eds.), Islam in Public. Turkey, Iran and Europe (pp. 3–43). Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yay.
Gole, N., & Ammann, L. (Eds., 2006). Islam in Public. Turkey, Iran and Europe. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yay.
Gulen, M. F. (1998). Ruhumuzun Heykelini Dikerken. Istanbul: Nil.
Gulen, M. F. (2002). Essays, Perspectives, Opinions. Clifton, N.J.: The Light, Inc.
Gulen, M. F. (2009). Umit Burcu. Kırık Testi 4. Istanbul: Nil.
Homolka, W., Hafner, J., Kosman, A., Karakoyun, E. (Eds., 2010). Muslime zwischen Tradition und Moderne. Die Gulen-Bewegung als Brucke zwischen den Kulturen. Freiburg: Herder.
Hunt, R. A., & Aslandogan, Y. A. (Eds., 2012). Muslim Citizens of the Globalized World. Contributions of the Gulen Movement. Đzmir: Tughra Books.
Irvine, J. (2012). The Gulen Movement and Turkish Integration in Germany. In R. A. Hunt & Y. A. Aslandogan (Eds.), Muslim Citizens of the Globalized World. Contributions of the Gulen Movement (pp. 62–84). Đzmir: Tughra Books.
Karakoyun, E. (2010). Transnationaler Lokalpatriotismus: Der Beitrag der Gulen-Bewegung zur Integration von Muslimen in Deutschland. In W. Homolka, J. Hafner, A. Kosman, E. Karakoyun (Eds.), Muslime zwischen Tradition und Moderne. Die Gulen-Bewegung als Brucke zwischen den Kulturen (pp. 56–87). Freiburg: Herder.
Karlson, I. (2000). Đslam ve Avrupa. Đnanc Ayrılığı & Yasam Birliği. Istanbul: Cem.
Kepel, G. (1997). Islamic Groups in Europe: Between Community Affirmation and Social Crisis. In S. Vertovec & C. Peach (Eds.), Islam in Europe. The Politics of Religion and Community (pp. 48–58). London: Macmillan.
Khosrokhavar, F. (1997). L’islam des jeunes. Paris: Flammarion.
Lubeck, P. (2001). The challenge of Islamic Networks and Citizenship Claims: Europe’s painful Adjustment to Globalization. In N. Al-Sayyad & M. Castells (Eds.), Muslim Europe or Euro– Islam (pp. 69–91). Lanham: Lexington.
Mandaville, P. (2003). Towards a Critical Islam: European Muslims and the Changing Boundaries of Transnational Religious Discourse. In S. Allievi & J. Nielsen (Eds.), Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and across Europe (pp. 127–146). Boston: Brill.
Marechal, B., Allievi, S., Dassetto, F., Nielsen, J. (Eds., 2003). Muslims in the Enlarged Europe. Religion and Society. Boston: Brill.
Modood, T., & Werbner, P. (Eds., 1997). The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe. Racism, Identity and Community. New York: St. Martin’s.
Ogelman, N. (2003). Documenting and Explaining the Persistence of Homeland Politics among
Germany’s Turks. International Migration Review, 37(1), 163–193.
Ozdalga, E. (2003). Secularizing Trends in Fethullah Gulen’s Movement: Impasse or Opportunity for Further Renewal? Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, 12(1), 61–73.
Park, B. (2009). The Fethullah Gulen Movement as a Transnational Phenomenon. In I. Yilmaz (Ed.), Conference Papers Muslim World in Transition, Contributions of the Gulen Movement (pp. 46–58). London: Tughra Books.
Reetz, D. (2010). Alternate Globalities? On the Cultures and Formats of Transnational Muslim Networks From South Asia. In U. Freitag & A. von Oppen (Eds.). Translocality: The Study of Globalising Processes From a Southern Perspective (pp. 293–335). Leiden: Brill NV.
Roy, O. (2004). Globalized Islam: the Search for a New Ummah. New York: Columbia University Press.
Saint–Blancat, C. (1997). L’islam de la diaspora. Paris: Bayard.
Salih, R. (2004). The Backward and the New: National, Transnational and Post–National Islam in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(5), 995–1011.
Subası, N. (2008). Fransa’da Turkler: Din Eksenli Kimlik ve Butunlesme Sorunları. In D. Danıs & V. Irtis (Eds.), Entegrasyonun Otesinde Turkiye’den Fransa’ya Goc ve Gocmenlik Halleri (pp. 121–154). Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yay.
Tarrow, S. (2005). The New Transnational Activism. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Tetik, M. F. (2012). The Gulen movement as an integration mechanism for Europe’s Turkish and Muslim community: potentials and constraints. In P. Weller & I. Yilmaz (Eds.), European Muslims, Civility and Public Life. Perspectives on and from the Gulen Movement (pp. 113–126). London/New York: Continuum.
Tietze, N. (2002). Jeunes musulmans de France et d’Allemagne: les constructions subjectives de l’identite. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Tribalat, M. (1998). Populations originaires de Turquie en France. In L. Gervereau, P. Milza, E. Temime (Eds.), Toute la France. Histoire de l’immigration en France aux XX siecle (pp. missing). Paris: Somogy.
TUDESB (2014). www.tuedesb.de/zwecke-und-ziele. Accessed February 19, 2014.
Vertovec, S. (2003). Diaspora, Transnationalism and Islam: Sites of Change and Modes of Research. In S. Allievi & J. Nielsen (Eds.), Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and across Europe (pp. 312–326). Boston: Brill.
Vertovec, S., & Peach, C. (Eds., 1997). Islam in Europe. The Politics of Religion and Community. London: Macmillan.
Weller, P., & Yilmaz, I. (Eds., 2012). European Muslims, Civility and Public Life. Perspectives on and from the Gulen Movement. London/New York: Continuum.
Wieviorka, M. (2001). Race, Culture, and Society: The French Experience with Muslims. In N. Al- Sayyad & M. Castells (Eds.), Muslim Europe or Euro–Islam (pp. 131–147). Lanham: Lexington.
Yalcın-Hekmann, L. (1997). The Perils of Ethnic Associational Life in Europe: Turkish Migrants in Germany and France. In T. Modood & P. Werbner (Eds.), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe. Racism, Identity and Community (pp. 95–111). New York: St. Martin’s.
Yavuz, M. H., & Esposito, J. L. (Eds., 2003). Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gulen Movement. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
Yıldırım, E. (2001). Yeni Turkiye’nin Yeni Aktorleri. Ak Parti ve Cemaat. Istanbul: Hayat yay.
Yilmaz, I. (2003). Ijtihad and Tajdid by conduct: the Gulen Movement. In M. H. Yavuz & J. L. Esposito (Eds.), Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gulen Movement (pp. 208–237). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
Yilmaz, I. (Ed. 2009). Conference Papers Muslim World in Transition, Contributions of the Gulen Movement. London: Tughra Books.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ulu-Sametoğlu, S. (2015). European Turks in between Local and Transnational Islamic Networks —The Hizmet Movement as a Translocal Actor in the Religiosity of Turks in France and Germany. In: Martino, M. (eds) The State as an Actor in Religion Policy. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06945-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06945-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer VS, Wiesbaden
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-06944-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-658-06945-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)