Zusammenfassung
Die Rolle der Medien im politischen System der USA kann nicht mit einer einheitlichen Definition erfasst werden. Die Verfassung fordert lediglich eine Presse, die sich ohne staatlichen Einfluss frei entfalten soll. Es lassen sich dennoch zwei grundsätzliche Funktionen der Medien ausmachen: einerseits die einer vierten Gewalt, die bestehende Machtstrukturen hinterfragt und überwacht, andererseits die Rolle eines vermittelnden Organs, welches Gemeinschaft stiftet, dabei jedoch bestehende Machtstrukturen erhält. Die Rolle der Medien wird in Anbetracht der hieraus resultierenden Spannung in Hinblick auf drei gesellschaftspolitische Themenfelder untersucht: den US-amerikanischen Pluralismus, den marktwirtschaftlichen Liberalismus und das Verhältnis zwischen Medien und politischem Betrieb. Dabei werden jeweils Wandlungsprozesse und historische Kontexte aufgezeigt und erläutert.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Notes
- 1.
Bei den angegebenen Ziffern handelt es sich um Prognosen für das Jahr 2013. Die Zusammensetzung dieser Zahlen ist den jeweiligen Geschäftsberichten zu entnehmen (British Broadcasting Corporation 2013; Kommission zur Ermittlung des Finanzbedarfs der Rundfunkanstalten (KEF) 2011) (siehe Literaturverzeichnis).
Literatur
Barlow, John Perry. 1996. A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 8 Feb 1996. https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Baum, Matthew A. 2003. Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 2005. The Political Field, the Social Science Field and the Journalistic Field. In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, Hrsg. Rodney Benson und Erik Neveu, 29–47. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Bowie, Blair und Adam Liosz. 2013. Billion Dollar Democracy: The Unprecedented Role of Money in the 2012 Elections. Demos & U.S. PIRG Education Fund. http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/BillionDollarDemocracy_Demos.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Brenner, Joanna. 2013. Pew Internet: Social Networking. Pew Internet & American Life Project. http://pewinternet.org/Commentary/2012/March/Pew-Internet-Social-Networking-full-detail.aspx. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
British Broadcasting Corporation. 2013. BBC Annual Report and Accounts 2012/13. http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/2012-13/bbc-annualreport-complete-2012-13.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Commission on Freedom of the Press. 1947. A Free and Responsible Press. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cook, Timothy E. 2005. Public Policy toward the Press: What Government Does for the News Media. In The Press, Hrsg. Geneva Overholser & Kathleen Hall Jamieson, 248–262. New York: Oxford University Press.
Corporation for Public Broadcasting. 2012. Alternative Sources of Funding for Public Broadcasting Stations. http://www.cpb.org/aboutcpb/Alternative_Sources_of_F%26ing_for_Public_Broadcasting_Stations.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Crawford, Craig. 2007. Attack the Messenger: How Politicians Turn You Against the Media. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.
Davies, Nick. 2009. Flat Earth News: An Award-Winning Reporter Exposes Falsehood, Distortion and Propaganda in the Global Media. London: Vintage.
de Tocqueville, Alexis. 1962. Über die Demokratie in Amerika. Band 2. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt.
Downie Jr., Leonard und Sara Rafsky. 2013. The Obama Administration and the Press. Leak investigations and surveillance in post-9/11 America. Committee to Protect Journalists. 10 Oct 2013. http://cpj.org/reports/us2013-english.pdf. Zugegriffen am 31.01.2014.
Hallin, Daniel C. 1992. Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968–1988. Journal of Communication 42: 5–24.
Hallin, Daniel C. 1994. We Keep America on Top of the World. Television Journalism and the Public Sphere. London: Routledge.
Hallin, Daniel C., und Robert Giles. 2005. Presses and Democracies. In The Press, Hrsg. Geneva Overholser und Kathleen Hall Jamieson, 4–16. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hamilton, James. 2004. All the News That's Fit to Sell. How the Market Transforms Information Into News. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Herman, Edward S., und Noam Chomsky. 1988/2002. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. 2. Aufl. New York: Pantheon Books.
Hindman, Matthew Scott. 2008. The Myth of Digital Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jurkowitz, Mark et al. 2013. The Changing TV News Landscape. Pew Research Center Project for Excellence in Journalism. http://stateofthemedia.org/2013/special-reports-landing-page/the-changing-tv-news-landscape/. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Kaplan, Martin und Matthew Hale. 2010. Local TV News in the Los Angeles Media Market: Are Stations Serving the Public Interest? The Norman Lear Center – USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism. http://www.learcenter.org/pdf/LANews2010.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Knightley, Phillip. 2002. The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo. 5. Aufl. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Klinenberg, Eric. 2007. Fighting for Air: The Battle to Control America’s Media. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
Kommission zur Ermittlung des Finanzbedarfs der Rundfunkanstalten (KEF). 2011. 18. KEF Bericht. Mainz: ZDF. http://www.zdf.de/ZDF/zdfportal/blob/26683756/1/data.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Mancini, Paolo. 2013. Media fragmentation, party system, and democracy. The International Journal of Press/Politics 18(1): 43–60.
McChesney, Robert W., und John Nichols. 2011. The Death and Life of American Journalism: The Media Revolution That Will Begin the World Again. New York: Nation Books.
Monk-Turner, Elizabeth, Mary Heiserman, Crystle Johnson, Vanity Cotton und Manny Jackson. 2010. The Portrayal of Racial Minorities on Prime Time Television: A Replication of the Mastro and Greenberg Study a Decade Later. Studies in Popular Culture Mai 2010, Heftnr. 32(2): 101–114.
Patterson, Thomas E. 1993. Out of Order. New York: Knopf.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2008. Audience Segments in a Changing News Environment – Section 7: Media Credibility, 56–60. http://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/444.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2012. Trends in News Consumption: 1991–2012. http://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/2012%20News%20Consumption%20Report.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism. 2010. How News Happens. http://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/how_news_happens. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Pew Research Center Project for Excellence in Journalism. 2012. How the Presidential Candidates Use the Web and Social Media. http://www.journalism.org/files/legacy/DIRECT%20ACCESS%20FINAL.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Saad, Lydia. 2013. TV Is Americans’ Main Source of News. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/163412/americans-main-source-news.aspx. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Schill, Dan. 2009. Stagecraft and Statecraft. Advance and Media Events in Political Communication. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Schmuhl, Robert und Robert G. Picard. 2005. The Marketplace of Ideas. In The Press, Hrsg. Geneva Overholser und Kathleen Hall Jamieson, 141–155. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schudson, Michael und Susan E. Tifft. 2005. American Journalism in Historical Perspective. In The Press, Hrsg. Geneva Overholser und Kathleen Hall Jamieson, 17–47. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sheppard, Si. 2008. The Partisan Press. A History of Media Bias in the United States. Jefferson NC: McFarland & Co.
Tayman, William P. 2013. Revision to CPB’s FY 2013 Operating Budget. http://www.cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/archives/FY2013-Operating-Budget.pdf. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
The 4th Estate. 2013. Silenced: Gender Gap in Election Coverage. http://www.4thestate.net/female-voices-in-media-infographic/. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
The Washinton Post. 2012. Mad Money: TV ads in the 2012 presidential campaign. 12 Nov 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/track-presidential-campaign-ads-2012/. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Turner, S. Derek, und Mark Cooper. 2007. Out of the Picture 2007: Minority & Female TV Ownership in the United States. http://www.freepress.net/sites/default/files/fp-legacy/otp2007.pdf
Turner, S. Derek, Lauren M Wilson, und Matthew F. Wood. 2012. Free Press Comments on FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Form 323 Data, MB Docket 09-182 and MB Docket 07-294. http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7022089263. Zugegriffen am 30.01.2014.
Williams, Bruce Alan, und Michael X. Delli Carpini. 2011. After Broadcast News: Media Regimes, Democracy, and the New Information Environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wu, Tim. 2010. The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
About this entry
Cite this entry
Knüpfer, C.B. (2014). Die Medien in den USA: Vierte Gewalt oder Sprachrohr der Macht?. In: Lammert, C., Siewert, M., Vormann, B. (eds) Handbuch Politik USA. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04125-0_20-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04125-0_20-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer VS, Wiesbaden
Online ISBN: 978-3-658-04125-0
eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Sozialwissenschaften und Recht
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Die Medien in den USA: Spannungsfelder und Wandlungsprozesse- Published:
- 09 July 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04125-0_20-3
-
Die Medien in den USA
- Published:
- 21 October 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04125-0_20-2
-
Original
Die Medien in den USA: Vierte Gewalt oder Sprachrohr der Macht?- Published:
- 12 September 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04125-0_20-1