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Drug Addiction

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MRI in Psychiatry

Abstract

In vivo imaging using magnetic resonance techniques helps to investigate one of the most common psychiatric diseases worldwide: substance dependence. Its individual development and maintenance is assumed to result from an interaction of various psychological, genetic, social, and substance-inherent psychotropic conditions that determine neuronal correlates of addicted behavior. Chronic substance abuse engages various neuroadaptive processes in different neurotransmitter systems, such as dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and opioidergic neurotransmission, which will be discussed in detail. Further, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, like functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron-emission tomography (PET), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and structural MRI, have enabled researchers to get crucial in vivo insight into major mechanisms of drug dependence, i.e., heightened drug-associated reward processing, abnormal functional connectivity predicting impairments in learning, decision-making, and the magnitude of drug craving. Likewise, decreased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and downregulation of dopamine D2/3 receptor availability have been correlated with drug craving and treatment outcome. In this chapter, we focus on recent neuroimaging studies that contribute to the research of individuals depending on alcohol, heroin, cocaine, or other psychostimulants. Finally, MRI studies on the functional and structural basis of pathological gambling as a related behavioral addiction are reviewed.

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Abbreviations

1H-MRS:

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

5-HT:

Serotonin

Cho:

Choline

Cr:

Creatine

DA:

Dopamine

DRD2 :

Dopamine D2 receptor

DSM-IV:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

DTI:

Diffusion tensor imaging

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NAA:

N-acetyl-aspartate

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

PET:

Positron-emission tomography

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

SPECT:

Single photon emission computed tomography

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany

    Katrin Charlet, Anne Beck & Andreas Heinz

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  1. Katrin Charlet
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  2. Anne Beck
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Correspondence to Katrin Charlet .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, UKE, Department of Psychiatry, Hamburg, Germany

    Christoph Mulert

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Martha E. Shenton

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Charlet, K., Beck, A., Heinz, A. (2014). Drug Addiction. In: Mulert, C., Shenton, M. (eds) MRI in Psychiatry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54542-9_19

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