Abstract
Laboratory animal models are valuable in that they allow researchers to better understand the various biological and behavioral factors that may contribute to eating disorders and substance use disorders, as well as an opportunity to discover effective treatments for each. This chapter describes how animal models have been used to study features of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, with a particular focus on the variables associated with the development of such behavior in animals. The second half of this chapter focuses on the various animal models that have been used to explore key characteristics of addiction. This chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the overlaps that exist between the two types of disorders and suggestions for future research directions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed, S. H., & Koob, G. F. (1999). Long-lasting increase in the set point for cocaine self-administration after escalation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 146(3), 303–312.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Attia, E. (2010). Anorexia nervosa: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Medicine, 61, 425–435. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.050208.200745.
Avena, N. M., Carrillo, C. A., Needham, L., Leibowitz, S. F., & Hoebel, B. G. (2004). Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced intake of unsweetened ethanol. Alcohol, 34, 203–209.
Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2003). A diet promoting sugar dependency causes behavioral cross-sensitization to a low dose of amphetamine. Neuroscience, 122(1), 17–20.
Avena, N., & Hoebel, B. (2012). Bingeing, withdrawal and craving: An animal model of sugar addiction. In K. Brownell & M. Gold (Eds.), Food and addiction: A comprehensive handbook. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Avena, N. M., Long, K., & Hoebel, B. G. (2005). Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: Evidence of a sugar deprivation effect. Physiology & Behavior, 84, 359–362.
Avena, N., Murray, S., Barbarich-Marsteller, N., & Rada, P. (September, 2013). Reward-related alterations in enkephalin gene expression and dopamine release in the accumbens as a result of activity-based anorexia in the rat [abstract]. In Eating Disorder Research Society, Bethesda, MD.
Avena, N., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. (2006). Sugar bingeing in rats. In J. Crawley, C. Gerfen, M. Rogawski, D. Sibley, P. Skolnick, & S. Wray (Eds.), Current protocols in neuroscience. New York, NY: Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Avena, N. M., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008). Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(1), 20–39. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019.
Barbarich-Marsteller, N. C., Foltin, R. W., & Walsh, B. T. (2011). Does anorexia nervosa resemble an addiction? Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 4(3), 197–200.
Bartholome, L. T., Raymond, N. C., Lee, S. S., Peterson, C. B., & Warren, C. S. (2006). Detailed analysis of binges in obese women with binge eating disorder: Comparisons using multiple methods of data collection. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(8), 685–693. doi:10.1002/eat.20289.
Belke, T., & Wagner, J. (1996). Investigating the reinforcing properties of running: Or, running is its own reward. In W. Epling & W. Pierce (Eds.), Activity anorexia: Theory, research, and treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Boakes, R. A., & Dwyer, D. M. (1997). Weight loss in rats produced by running: Effects of prior experience and individual housing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology B, 50(2), 129–148. doi:10.1080/713932647.
Boakes, R. A., Mills, K. J., & Single, J. P. (1999). Sex differences in the relationship between activity and weight loss in the rat. Behavioral Neuroscience, 113(5), 1080–1089.
Bocarsly, M., & Avena, N. (2012). Animal models of binge eating palatable foods: Emergence of addiction-like behaviors and brain changes in the rat. In N. M. Avena (Ed.), Animal models of eating disorders. New York, NY: Humana.
Brown, A. J., Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008). A high-fat diet prevents and reverses the development of activity-based anorexia in rats. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(5), 383–389. doi:10.1002/eat.20510.
Carr, K. D. (2002). Augmentation of drug reward by chronic food restriction: Behavioral evidence and underlying mechanisms. Physiology & Behavior, 76(3), 353–364.
Carrera, O., Cerrato, M., Sanchez, A., & Gutierrez, E. (2009). Long maternal separation has protective effects in rats exposed to activity-based anorexia. Developmental Psychobiology, 51(8), 616–624. doi:10.1002/dev.20396.
Carrera, O., Gutierrez, E., & Boakes, R. A. (2006). Early handling reduces vulnerability of rats to activity-based anorexia. Developmental Psychobiology, 48(7), 520–527. doi:10.1002/dev.20175.
Cifani, C., Polidori, C., Melotto, S., Ciccocioppo, R., & Massi, M. (2009). A preclinical model of binge eating elicited by yo-yo dieting and stressful exposure to food: Effect of sibutramine, fluoxetine, topiramate, and midazolam. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 204(1), 113–125. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1442-y.
Cohen, L. R., Greenfield, S. F., Gordon, S., Killeen, T., Jiang, H., Zhang, Y., & Hien, D. (2010). Survey of eating disorder symptoms among women in treatment for substance abuse. American Journal on Addictions, 19(3), 245–251, doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00038.x.
Colantuoni, C., Rada, P., McCarthy, J., Patten, C., Avena, N. M., Chadeayne, A., & Hoebel, B. G. (2002). Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes endogenous opioid dependence. Obesity Research, 10(6), 478–488.
Colantuoni, C., Schwenker, J., McCarthy, J., Rada, P., Ladenheim, B., Cadet, J. L., … & Hoebel, B. G. (2001). Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain. Neuroreport, 12(16), 3549–3552.
Corwin, R. L., Wojnicki, F. H., Fisher, J. O., Dimitriou, S. G., Rice, H. B., & Young, M. A. (1998). Limited access to a dietary fat option affects ingestive behavior but not body composition in male rats. Physiology & Behavior, 65(3), 545–553.
Davis, J. D., & Campbell, C. S. (1973). Peripheral control of meal size in the rat. Effect of sham feeding on meal size and drinking rate. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 83(3), 379–387.
Davis, C., & Claridge, G. (1998). The eating disorders as addiction: A psychobiological perspective. Addictive Behaviors, 23(4), 463–475.
Deroche-Gamonet, V., Belin, D., & Piazza, P. V. (2004). Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat. Science, 305(5686), 1014–1017. doi:10.1126/science.1099020.
Dixon, D. P., Ackert, A. M., & Eckel, L. A. (2003). Development of, and recovery from, activity-based anorexia in female rats. Physiology & Behavior, 80(2–3), 273–279.
Doerries, L. E., Stanley, E. Z., & Aravich, P. F. (1991). Activity-based anorexia: Relationship to gender and activity-stress ulcers. Physiology & Behavior, 50(5), 945–949.
Duclos, M., Ouerdani, A., Mormede, P., & Konsman, J. P. (2012). Food restriction-induced hyperactivity: Addiction or adaptation to famine? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(6), 884–897. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.012.
Elbelt, U., Haas, V., Hofmann, T., Jeran, S., Pietz, H., Stengel, A., & Klapp, B.F. (2013). Energy expenditure and physical activity in patients with anorexia nervosa. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 3, 121 - OP3_19, doi:10.1055/s-0033-1336627.
Emmett-Oglesby, M. W., Mathis, D. A., Moon, R. T., & Lal, H. (1990). Animal models of drug withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 101(3), 292–309.
Epling, W., & Pierce, W. (1984). Activity-based anorexia in rats as a function of opportunity to run on an activity wheel. Nutrition & Behavior, 2, 37–49.
Epling, W., & Pierce, W. (1988). Activity-based anorexia: A biobehavioral perspective. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7(4), 475–485.
Garland, T., Jr., Schutz, H., Chappell, M. A., Keeney, B. K., Meek, T. H., Copes, L. E., … Eisenmann, J. C. (2011). The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: Human and rodent perspectives. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(Pt 2), 206–229, doi:10.1242/jeb.048397.
Gauvin, D., Briscoe, R., Baird, T., Vallett, M., Carl, K., & Holloway, F. (1996). Three-choice chlordiazepoxide, saline, and pentylenetetrazole discrimination in rats: Cross-generalization between drug and (olfactory) alarm substance stimuli. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4(4), 373–378.
Gearhardt, A. N., White, M. A., Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2013). An examination of food addiction in a racially diverse sample of obese patients with binge eating disorder in primary care settings. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(5), 500–505. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.009.
Gibbs, J., & Falasco, J. D. (1978). Sham feeding in the rhesus monkey. Physiology & Behavior, 20(3), 245–249.
Gould, E., & Bres, M. (1986). Regurgitation in gorillas: Possible model for human eating disorders (rumination/bulimia). Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 7(5), 314–319.
Gutierrez, E. (2013). A rat in the labyrinth of anorexia nervosa: Contributions of the activity-based anorexia rodent model to the understanding of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(4), 289–301. doi:10.1002/eat.22095.
Hagan, M. M., & Moss, D. E. (1991). An animal model of bulimia nervosa: Opioid sensitivity to fasting episodes. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 39(2), 421–422.
Hagan, M. M., & Moss, D. E. (1997). Persistence of binge-eating patterns after a history of restriction with intermittent bouts of refeeding on palatable food in rats: Implications for bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22(4), 411–420.
Hagan, M. M., Wauford, P. K., Chandler, P. C., Jarrett, L. A., Rybak, R. J., & Blackburn, K. (2002). A new animal model of binge eating: Key synergistic role of past caloric restriction and stress. Physiology & Behavior, 77(1), 45–54.
Hancock, S., & Grant, V. (2009). Early maternal separation increases symptoms of activity-based anorexia in male and female rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 35(3), 394–406. doi:10.1037/a0014736.
Hancock, S. D., Menard, J. L., & Olmstead, M. C. (2005). Variations in maternal care influence vulnerability to stress-induced binge eating in female rats. Physiology & Behavior, 85(4), 430–439. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.05.007.
Hargrave, S. L., & Kinzig, K. P. (2012). Repeated gastric distension alters food intake and neuroendocrine profiles in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 105(4), 975–981. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.006.
Hebebrand, J., Exner, C., Hebebrand, K., Holtkamp, C., Casper, R. C., Remschmidt, H., … & Klingenspor, M. (2003). Hyperactivity in patients with anorexia nervosa and in semistarved rats: Evidence for a pivotal role of hypoleptinemia. Physiology & Behavior, 79(1), 25–37.
Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., Jr., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348–358. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040.
Inoue, K., Kiriike, N., Okuno, M., Fujisaki, Y., Kurioka, M., Iwasaki, S., & Yamagami, S. (1998). Prefrontal and striatal dopamine metabolism during enhanced rebound hyperphagia induced by space restriction--a rat model of binge eating. Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), 1329–1336.
Iwasaki, S., Inoue, K., Kiriike, N., & Hikiji, K. (2000). Effect of maternal separation on feeding behavior of rats in later life. Physiology & Behavior, 70(5), 551–556.
Kales, E. F. (1990). Macronutrient analysis of binge eating in bulimia. Physiology & Behavior, 48(6), 837–840.
Kanarek, R. B., & Collier, G. H. (1983). Self-starvation: A problem of overriding the satiety signal? Physiology & Behavior, 30(2), 307–311.
Kanarek, R. B., D’Anci, K. E., Jurdak, N., & Mathes, W. F. (2009). Running and addiction: Precipitated withdrawal in a rat model of activity-based anorexia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 123(4), 905–912. doi:10.1037/a0015896.
Kaye, W. H., Wierenga, C. E., Bailer, U. F., Simmons, A. N., Wagner, A., & Bischoff-Grethe, A. (2013). Does a shared neurobiology for foods and drugs of abuse contribute to extremes of food ingestion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa? Biological Psychiatry, 73(9), 836–842. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.002.
Koob, G. F. (2000). Animal models of craving for ethanol. Addiction, 95(Suppl 2), S73–S81.
Krug, I., Pinheiro, A. P., Bulik, C., Jimenez-Murcia, S., Granero, R., Penelo, E., … & Fernandez-Aranda, F. (2009). Lifetime substance abuse, family history of alcohol abuse/dependence and novelty seeking in eating disorders: Comparison study of eating disorder subgroups. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 63(1), 82–87, doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01908.x.
Leigh, A. J., Stock, M. J., Lacey, J. H., & Wilson, C. A. (1998). Diet-induced loss of cyclic ovarian function at normal body weight in a rodent model for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Reproduction & Fertility, 112(2), 217–223.
Lynch, W. J., Nicholson, K. L., Dance, M. E., Morgan, R. W., & Foley, P. L. (2010). Animal models of substance abuse and addiction: Implications for science, animal welfare, and society. Comparative Medicine, 60(3), 177–188.
Manwaring, J. L., Hilbert, A., Wilfley, D. E., Pike, K. M., Fairburn, C. G., Dohm, F. A., & Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2006). Risk factors and patterns of onset in binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(2), 101–107, doi:10.1002/eat.20208.
Markou, A., Weiss, F., Gold, L. H., Caine, S. B., Schulteis, G., & Koob, G. F. (1993). Animal models of drug craving. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 112(2–3), 163–182.
Marrazzi, M., & Luby, E. (1986). An auto-addiction opioid model of chronic anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(2), 191–208.
Martinsen, M., Bratland-Sanda, S., Eriksson, A. K., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2010). Dieting to win or to be thin? A study of dieting and disordered eating among adolescent elite athletes and non-athlete controls. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(1), 70–76. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.068668.
Martinsen, M., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2012). Higher prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes than controls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(6), 188–1197. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318281a939.
Masheb, R., & White, M. A. (2012). Bulimia nervosa in overweight and normal-weight women. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(2), 181–186. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.03.005.
Ness, J. W., Marshall, T. R., & Aravich, P. F. (1995). Effects of rearing condition on activity-induced weight loss. Developmental Psychobiology, 28(3), 165–173. doi:10.1002/dev.420280304.
Nikander, P., & Pekkanen, L. (1977). An inborn alcohol tolerance in alcohol-preferring rats. The lack of relationship between tolerance to ethanol and the brain microsomal (Na+ K+) ATPase activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 51(3), 219–223.
Oliver, G., Wardle, J., & Gibson, E. L. (2000). Stress and food choice: A laboratory study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(6), 853–865.
Oswald, K. D., Murdaugh, D. L., King, V. L., & Boggiano, M. M. (2011). Motivation for palatable food despite consequences in an animal model of binge eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44(3), 203–211. doi:10.1002/eat.20808.
Pare, W. P., Vincent, G. P., Isom, K. E., & Reeves, J. M. (1978). Sex differences and incidence of activity-stress ulcers in the rat. Psychological Reports, 43(2), 591–594.
Pieper, W. A., Skeen, M. J., McClure, H. M., & Bourne, P. G. (1972). The chimpanzee as an animal model for investigating alcoholism. Science, 176(4030), 71–73.
Pierce, W. D., Epling, W. F., & Boer, D. P. (1986). Deprivation and satiation: The interrelations between food and wheel running. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 46(2), 199–210.
Pjetri, E., de Haas, R., de Jong, S., Gelegen, C., Oppelaar, H., Verhagen, L. A., … & Kas, M. J. (2012). Identifying predictors of activity based anorexia susceptibility in diverse genetic rodent populations. PLoS One, 7(11), e50453, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050453.
Rada, P., Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2005). Daily bingeing on sucrose repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience, 134, 737–744.
Rasmussen, K., Beitner-Johnson, D. B., Krystal, J. H., Aghajanian, G. K., & Nestler, E. J. (1990). Opiate withdrawal and the rat locus coeruleus: Behavioral, electrophysiological, and biochemical correlates. Journal of Neuroscience, 10(7), 2308–2317.
Raymond, N. C., Bartholome, L. T., Lee, S. S., Peterson, R. E., & Raatz, S. K. (2007). A comparison of energy intake and food selection during laboratory binge eating episodes in obese women with and without a binge eating disorder diagnosis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(1), 67–71. doi:10.1002/eat.20312.
Reinking, M. F., & Alexander, L. E. (2005). Prevalence of disordered-eating behaviors in undergraduate female collegiate athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(1), 47–51.
Root, T. L., Pisetsky, E. M., Thornton, L., Lichtenstein, P., Pedersen, N. L., & Bulik, C. M. (2010). Patterns of co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance use in Swedish females. Psychological Medicine, 40(1), 105–115. doi:10.1017/S0033291709005662.
Rosen, J., Leitenberg, H., Fisher, C., & Khazam, C. (1986). Binge‐eating episodes in bulimia nervosa: The amount and type of food consumed. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(2), 255–267.
Routtenberg, A., & Kuznesof, A. W. (1967). Self-starvation of rats living in activity wheels on a restricted feeding schedule. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 64(3), 414–421.
Ryu, V., Lee, J. H., Yoo, S. B., Gu, X. F., Moon, Y. W., & Jahng, J. W. (2008). Sustained hyperphagia in adolescent rats that experienced neonatal maternal separation. International Journal of Obesity (Lond), 32(9), 1355–1362. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.108.
Scheurink, A. J., Boersma, G. J., Nergardh, R., & Sodersten, P. (2010). Neurobiology of hyperactivity and reward: Agreeable restlessness in anorexia nervosa. Physiology & Behavior, 100(5), 490–495. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.03.016.
Schulz, S., & Laessle, R. G. (2012). Stress-induced laboratory eating behavior in obese women with binge eating disorder. Appetite, 58(2), 457–461. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.007.
Spangler, R., Wittkowski, K. M., Goddard, N. L., Avena, N. M., Hoebel, B. G., & Leibowitz, S. F. (2004). Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain. Molecular Brain Research, 124, 134–142.
Spurrell, E. B., Wilfley, D. E., Tanofsky, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (1997). Age of onset for binge eating: Are there different pathways to binge eating? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21(1), 55–65.
Tiffany, S. T., & Maude-Griffin, P. M. (1988). Tolerance to morphine in the rat: Associative and nonassociative effects. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102(4), 534–543.
Van Vort, W., & Smith, G. P. (1987). Sham feeding experience produces a conditioned increase of meal size. Appetite, 9(1), 21–29.
Vanderschuren, L. J., & Ahmed, S. H. (2013). Animal studies of addictive behavior. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 3(4), a011932. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011932.
Vanderschuren, L. J., & Everitt, B. J. (2004). Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration. Science, 305(5686), 1017–1019. doi:10.1126/science.1098975.
Vaswani, K., Tejwani, G. A., & Mousa, S. (1983). Stress induced differential intake of various diets and water by rat: The role of the opiate system. Life Sciences, 32(17), 1983–1996.
Volkow, N. D., & Wise, R. A. (2005). How can drug addiction help us understand obesity? Nature Neuroscience, 8(5), 555–560. doi:10.1038/nn1452.
Watanabe, K., Hara, C., & Ogawa, N. (1992). Feeding conditions and estrous cycle of female rats under the activity-stress procedure from aspects of anorexia nervosa. Physiology & Behavior, 51(4), 827–832.
Wilson, G. T. (2010). Eating disorders, obesity and addiction. European Eating Disorders Review, 18(5), 341–351. doi:10.1002/erv.1048.
Wilson, J. F., & Cantor, M. B. (1987). An animal model of excessive eating: Schedule-induced hyperphagia in food-satiated rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47(3), 335–346. doi:10.1901/jeab.1987.47-335.
Wolffgramm, J., Galli, G., Thimm, F., & Heyne, A. (2000). Animal models of addiction: Models for therapeutic strategies? Journal of Neural Transmission, 107(6), 649–668.
Yanovski, S. Z., Leet, M., Yanovski, J. A., Flood, M., Gold, P. W., Kissileff, H. R., & Walsh, B. T. (1992). Food selection and intake of obese women with binge-eating disorder. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(6), 975–980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Murray, S., Gordillo, M., Avena, N.M. (2014). Animal Models of Eating Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, and Addictions. In: Brewerton, T., Baker Dennis, A. (eds) Eating Disorders, Addictions and Substance Use Disorders. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45377-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45378-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)