Skip to main content

Reading and Reporting

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cardiac CT

Abstract

In this chapter, we describe how to read and report cardiac CT studies. For reading it is recommended to use axial images together with coronal and sagittal slices complemented by curved multiplanar reformations and double-oblique maximum-intensity projections. Typical artifacts and how to avoid them is also discussed in this chapter. Structured reporting of findings has the advantage that it improves consistency.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Recommended Reading

  • Anders K, Ropers U, Kuettner A, Wechsel M, Daniel WG, Uder M, Achenbach S (2011) Individually adapted, interactive multiplanar reformations vs. semi-automated coronary segmentation and curved planar reformations for stenosis detection in coronary computed tomography angiography. Eur J Radiol 80:89–95

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldi E, Gebregziabher M, Schoepf UJ et al (2010) Automated computer-aided stenosis detection at coronary CT angiography: initial experience. Eur Radiol 20:1160–1167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austen WG, Edwards JE, Frye RL et al (1975) A reporting system on patients evaluated for coronary artery disease. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee for Grading of Coronary Artery Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery, American Heart Association. Circulation 51:5–40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC et al (1998) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease). J Heart Valve Dis 7:672–707

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Califf RM, Mark DB, Harrell FE Jr et al (1988) Importance of clinical measures of ischemia in the prognosis of patients with documented coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 11:20–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chin S, Ong T, Chan W et al (2006) 64 row multi-detector computed tomography coronary image from a centre with early experience: first illustration of learning curve. J Geriatric Cardiol 3:29–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Coakley FV, Liberman L, Panicek DM (2003) Style guidelines for radiology reporting: a manner of speaking. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:327–328

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Roos A, Kroft LJ, Bax JJ, Geleijns J (2007) Applications of multislice computed tomography in coronary artery disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 26:14–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey M, Schnapauff D, Laule M et al (2004) Multislice CT coronary angiography: evaluation of an automatic vessel detection tool. Fortschr Röntgenstr 176:478–483

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey M, Müller M, Eddicks S et al (2006) Evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function with 16-slice computed tomography, biplane cineventriculography, and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:2034–2044

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R et al (2004) ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). Circulation 110:e340–e437

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuchtner GM, Dichtl W, Friedrich GJ et al (2006a) Multislice computed tomography for detection of patients with aortic valve stenosis and quantification of severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1410–1417

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuchtner GM, Dichtl W, Schachner T et al (2006b) Diagnostic performance of MDCT for detecting aortic valve regurgitation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186:1676–1681

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman PJ (1983) Radiologic reporting: the hierarchy of terms. AJR Am J Roentgenol 140:402–403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K et al (2003) ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 107:149–158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall FM (2000) Language of the radiology report: primer for residents and wayward radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:1239–1242

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamon M, Morello R, Riddell JW (2007) Coronary arteries: diagnostic performance of 16- versus 64-section spiral CT compared with invasive coronary angiography-meta-analysis. Radiology 245:720–731

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog C, Ay M, Engelmann K et al (2001) Visualization techniques in multislice CT-coronary angiography of the heart. Correlations of axial, multiplanar, three-dimensional and virtual endoscopic imaging with the invasive diagnosis. Rofo 173:341–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoe JW, Toh KH (2007) A practical guide to reading CT coronary angiograms-how to avoid mistakes when assessing for coronary stenoses. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 23:617–633

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann H, Dübel HP, Laube H, Hamm B, Dewey M (2007) Triage of patients with suspected coronary artery disease using multislice computed tomography. Acad Radiol 14:901–909

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juergens KU, Fischbach R (2006) Left ventricular function studied with MDCT. Eur Radiol 16:342–357

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelle S, Hug J, Kohler U, Fleck E, Nagel E (2005) Potential intrinsic error of noninvasive coronary angiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7:401–407

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim TJ, Han DH, Jin KN, Won Lee K (2010) Lung cancer detected at cardiac CT: prevalence, clinicoradiologic features, and importance of full-field-of-view images. Radiology 255(2):369–376

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koonce J, Schoepf JU, Nguyen SA, Northam MC, Ravenel JG (2009) Extra-cardiac findings at cardiac CT: experience with 1,764 patients. Eur Radiol 19:570–576

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroft LJ, de Roos A, Geleijns J (2007) Artifacts in ECG-synchronized MDCT coronary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:581–591

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leber AW, Becker A, Knez A et al (2006) Accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography to classify and quantify plaque volumes in the proximal coronary system: a comparative study using intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:672–677

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P (2007) Braunwald’s heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Saunders, An Imprint of Philadelphia: Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • MacMahon H, Austin JH, Gamsu G et al (2005) Guidelines for management of small pulmonary nodules detected on CT scans: a statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology 237:395–400

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, Gareen IF, Gatsonis C, Marcus PM, Sicks JD (2011) Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 365(5):395–409

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolf A, Werner GS, Schuhbäck A, Rixe J, Möllmann H, Nef HM, Gundermann C, Liebetrau C, Krombach GA, Hamm CW, Achenbach S (2013) Preprocedural coronary CT angiography significantly improves success rates of PCI for chronic total occlusion. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 29(8):1819–1827

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan TJ, Faxon DP, Gunnar RM et al (1988) Guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty). Circulation 78:486–502

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnapauff D, Zimmermann E, Dewey M (2008) Technical and clinical aspects of coronary computed tomography angiography. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 29:167–175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SC Jr, Dove JT, Jacobs AK et al (2001) ACC/AHA guidelines of percutaneous coronary interventions (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines)–executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). J Am Coll Cardiol 37:2215–2239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stillman AE, Rubin GD, Teague SD, White RD, Woodard PK, Larson PA (2008) Structured reporting: coronary CT angiography: a white paper from the American College of Radiology and the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Coll Radiol 5:796–800

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel-Claussen J, Pannu H, Spevak PJ, Fishman EK, Bluemke DA (2006) Cardiac valve assessment with MR imaging and 64-section multi-detector row CT. Radiographics 26:1769–1784

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogl TJ, Abolmaali ND, Diebold T et al (2002) Techniques for the detection of coronary atherosclerosis: multi-detector row CT coronary angiography. Radiology 223:212–220

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Further Recommended Websites

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. J. M. Kroft Dr. .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kroft, L.J.M., Dewey, M. (2014). Reading and Reporting. In: Cardiac CT. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41883-9_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41883-9_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-41882-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-41883-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics