Abstract
In the United States, wind power is expected to make up a significant portion of future generation portfolios. A scenario in which wind power will supply 20 % of U.S. peak demand by 2030 has been examined and found feasible [1]. A challenge facing power system planners and operators, in the near future, is the grid integration of large amounts of wind power. To determine the impacts of large wind power plants on system stability, reliable computer models are necessary. However, wind turbine models are not readily available in most dynamic simulation software. The diversity and manufacturer-specific nature of technologies used in commercial wind turbines exacerbates the modeling problem. A solution to this problem is to develop a generic, manufacturer-independent modeling framework that can be implemented in any software capable of simulating power system dynamics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
20 % Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply, U.S. D.O.E., July 2008
Ackermann T (ed) (2005) Wind power in power systems. Wiley, New York
Hansen AD, Hansen LH (2007) Wind turbine concept market penetration over 10 years (1995–2004). Wind Energy 10(1):81–97 (Wiley Online Library)
Slootweg JG, Polinder H, Kling WL (2001) Dynamic modeling of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator. In: Proceedings of 2001 power engineering society summer meeting, 2001. IEEE, vol 1. pp. 644–649
Uctug MY, Eskandarzadeh I, Ince H (1994). Modeling and output power optimization of a wind turbine driven double output induction generator. Electric power applications, IEE proceedings, vol 141. pp 33–38
Kim S-K, Kim E-S, Yoon J-Y, Kim H-Y (2004) PSCAD/EMTDC based dynamic modeling and analysis of a variable speed wind turbine. In: Proceedings of 2004 power engineering society general meeting, 2004. IEEE, vol 2. pp 1735–1741
Slootweg JG, Kling WL (2003) Aggregated modeling of wind parks in power system dynamics simulations. In: Proceedings of 2003 power tech conference proceedings, 2003 IEEE Bologna, vol 3. p 6
Delaleau E, Stankovic AM, Dynamic phasor modeling of the doubly-fed induction machine in generator operation. www.ece.northeastern.edu/faculty/stankovic/Conf_papers/lsiwp03.pdf
Gagnon R, Sybille G, Bernard S, Pare D, Casoria S, Larose C (2005) Modeling and real-time simulation of a doubly-fed induction generator driven by a wind turbine. www.ipst.org/TechPapers/2005/IPST05_Paper162.pdf
Lubosny Z (2003) Wind turbine operation in electric power systems: advanced modeling. Springer, Berlin
Akhmatov V (2005) Induction generators for wind power. Multiscience Publishing Company, Essex, UK
Manwell JF, McGowan JG, Rogers AL (2003) Wind energy explained: theory design and applications. Wiley, New York England Reprinted with corrections August
Krause PC (1986) Analysis of electric machinery. McGraw Hill Co, New York
Burnham DJ, Santoso S, Muljadi E (2009) Variable rotor resistance control of wind turbine generators. In: Power and energy society general meeting, 2009. PES’ 09. IEEE, 26–30 July 2009
Hang CC, Astrom KJ, Ho WK (1991) Refinements of the Ziegler-Nichols tuning formula. Control Theory and Applications, IEE Proceedings D, vol 138, No. 2
E. Muljadi and C.P. Butterfield, Pitch-controlled variable-speed wind turbine generation. In: Industry applications conference, 1999. Thirty-fourth IAS annual meeting. conference record of the 1999 IEEE, vol 1. pp 323–330. 3–7 October 1999
Singh M, Santoso S (2007) Electromechanical and time-domain modeling of wind generators. Power engineering society general meeting, 2007. IEEE, 24–28 June 2007
Singh M, Faria K, Santoso S, Muljadi E (2009) Validation and analysis of wind power plant models using short-circuit field measurement data. Power & energy society general meeting, 2009. PES ‘09. IEEE, 26–30 July 2009
Santoso S, Hur K, Zhou Z (2006) Induction machine modeling for distribution system analysis—A time domain solution. Transmission and distribution conference and exhibition, 2005/2006 IEEE PES, pp 583–587. 21–24 May 2006
Muljadi E, Butterfield CP, Ellis A, Mechenbier J, Hochheimer J, Young R, Miller N, Delmerico R, Zavadil R, Smith JC (2006) Equivalencing the collector system of a large wind power plant. IEEE power engineering society, annual conference, Montreal, Quebec, 2006 IEEE PES
Muljadi E, Pasupulati S, Ellis A, Kosterov D (2008) Method of equivalencing for a large wind power plant with multiple turbine representation. In: 2008 IEEE power and energy society general meeting-conversion and delivery of electrical energy in the 21st century
Muljadi E, Ellis A (2008) Validation of wind power plant dynamic models. IEEE power engineering society general meeting, Pittsburgh, 20–24 July 2008
Muljadi E, Butterfield CP, Parsons B, Ellis A (2007) Effect of variable speed wind turbine generator on stability of a weak grid. IEEE Trans Energy Conversion 22(1):29–36
Muljadi E, Nguyen TB, Pai MA (2008) Impact of wind power plants on voltage and transient stability of power systems. In: Energy 2030 conference, 2008. ENERGY 2008. IEEE, 17–18 Nov 2008
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix
Appendix
Machine Specifications
Poles | 6 |
Rated voltage (l–l) | 690 V |
Rated power | 1.8 MVA |
Base angular frequency | 376.99 rad/s |
Stator/rotor turns ratio | 0.379 |
Angular moment of inertia | 0.578 s |
Stator rotor resistance | 0.0054 p.u. |
Wound rotor resistance | 10−6 p.u. |
Magnetizing inductance | 6.83309 p.u. |
Stator leakage inductance | 0.08 p.u. |
Rotor leakage inductance | 0.04782 p.u. |
Mechanical Data for Shaft Model
J rot Rotor moment of inertia (kg mm) | J rot = 4,950,000 kg mm |
J gen Generator moment of inertia (kg mm) | J gen = 80 |
J q2 Gearbox moment of inertia (kg mm) | J q2 = 15 kg mm |
K rq1 Spring constant rotor shaft (Nm/rad) | K rq1 = 9,800,000 Nm/rad |
K q2g Spring constant generator shaft (Nm/rad) | K q2g = 2,950,000 Nm/rad |
D rot Damping rotor (Nms/rad) | D rot = 0 Nms/rad |
D rot Damping gearbox (Nms/rad) | D q2 = 2.4 Nms/rad |
D rot Damping generator (Nms/rad) | D gen = 0 Nms/rad |
D rot Damping rotor shaft (Nms/rad) | D rq1 = 13,500 Nms/rad |
D rot Damping generator shaft (Nms/rad) | D q2g = 30 Nms/rad |
f n Nominal frequency (Hz) | f n = 60 Hz |
P gn Nominal mechanical power (MW) | P gn = 1.5 MW |
a Gear ratio | a = 70 |
p Generator pole pairs | p = 3 |
Nomenclature
λ r | Tip speed ratio |
ρ | Air density |
λ | Flux linkage |
f | Frequency |
P | Real power |
Q | Reactive power |
V | Voltage |
I | Current |
L | Inductance |
R | Resistance |
β | Pitch angle of blades |
β 0 | Initial Pitch angle of blades |
β q | Angle measured from the positive stationary a-phase axis to the rotating q-axis |
ω | Angular velocity |
τ | Torque |
J | Moment of Inertia |
B | Damping constant |
K | Shaft stiffness |
N | Gear ratio |
θ | Twist in shaft |
Superscripts and Subscripts
′ | Parameter referred to stator |
s | Stator quantity |
r | Rotor quantity |
d | d-axis quantity |
q | q-axis quantity |
abc | Parameter in abc reference frame |
qd0 | Parameter in qd0 reference frame |
l | Leakage quantity (used with inductance) |
m | Mutual quantity (used with inductance) |
rms | Root mean square quantity |
ph | Phase quantity |
1ϕ | Single-phase quantity |
3ϕ | Three-phase quantity |
G, gen | Generator |
T, rot | Rotor |
eqv | Equivalent value (generator and rotor combined) |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vyas, M., Singh, M., Santoso, S. (2013). Grid Integration of Wind Power Systems: Modeling of Wind Power Plants. In: Pardalos, P., Rebennack, S., Pereira, M., Iliadis, N., Pappu, V. (eds) Handbook of Wind Power Systems. Energy Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41080-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41080-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-41079-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-41080-2
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)