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DNA Repair Polymerases

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Nucleic Acid Polymerases

Part of the book series: Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology ((NUCLEIC,volume 30))

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Abstract

The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes are under constant attack from endogenous (metabolic) and exogenous genotoxins. The resulting genomic insults include damaged bases and nucleotides, deoxyribo- and ribonucleotide misincorporation, intra-strand and interstrand DNA cross-links, and single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks. As expected, efficient recognition and removal of these genotoxic lesions is critical to begin the repair process and restore genome integrity. With the exception of direct reversal mechanisms, repair of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes requires DNA synthesis to replace the nucleotides or DNA strands removed during the repair process. Whereas some DNA repair pathways co-opt replicative DNA polymerases to synthesize the DNA in the “repair patch,” other DNA repair pathways have dedicated DNA polymerase enzymes. This chapter will detail the DNA polymerases central to the major mammalian DNA repair pathways and, where applicable, highlight the unique roles these DNA polymerases may play in protecting normal cells from mutagenic or genotoxic agents and in providing resistance to genotoxic chemotherapeutic treatments.

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Abbreviations

5′dRP:

5′-deoxyribose phosphate

8-oxodG:

8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine

AP:

Apurinic/apyrimidinic

APE1:

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease

BER:

Base excision repair

dsDNA:

Double-stranded DNA

FEN1:

Structure-specific flap endonuclease 1

HR:

Homologous recombination

KO:

Knockout

LigI:

DNA ligase I

LigIII:

DNA ligase III

MEF:

Mouse embryonic fibroblast

MGMT:

O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase

MMR:

Mismatch repair

NER:

Nucleotide excision repair

NHEJ:

Nonhomologous end joining

PARP1:

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1

PARP2:

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-2

PCNA:

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

Polκ:

DNA polymerase kappa

Polλ:

DNA polymerase lambda

Polβ:

DNA polymerase beta

Polα:

DNA polymerase alpha

Polγ:

DNA polymerase gamma

Polδ:

DNA polymerase delta

Polη:

DNA polymerase eta

Polθ:

DNA polymerase theta

Polι:

DNA polymerase iota

Polκ:

DNA polymerase kappa

Polμ:

DNA polymerase mu

RFC:

Replication factor C

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SSBs:

Single-strand breaks

ssDNA:

Single-stranded DNA

TdT:

Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase

UV:

Ultraviolet

WRN:

Werner syndrome protein helicase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 2.6a, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-1863, USA

    Robert W. Sobol

  2. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Robert W. Sobol

  3. Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Robert W. Sobol

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Correspondence to Robert W. Sobol .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Biochem. and Mol. Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

    Katsuhiko S. Murakami

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Michael A. Trakselis

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Sobol, R.W. (2014). DNA Repair Polymerases. In: Murakami, K., Trakselis, M. (eds) Nucleic Acid Polymerases. Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, vol 30. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39796-7_3

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