Abstract
Methanol can be generated from a wide range of carbon and hydrogen sources. Currently, large-scale production is dominated by the conversion of fossil resources, mainly natural gas and coal, to carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas) as the intermediate for catalytic methanol synthesis. Although they are not yet economically competitive, more ecologically friendly processes have been attempted using regenerative carbon and hydrogen sources such as biomass, (recycled) CO2, and hydrogen from electrolysis using regenerative power sources.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References to Chapter 4
G.A. Olah, A. Goeppert, G.K. Surya Prakash, Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006)
Q. Zhang, D. He, Q. Zhu, J. Natural Gas Chemistry 12, 81–89 (2003)
R.A. Periana, G. Bhalla, W. Tenn, K. Young, X.Y. Liu, O. Mironov, J. Cj, J. Mol. Catalysis A: Chemical 220(1), 7–25 (2004)
R. Palkovits, M. Antonietti, P. Kuhn, A. Thomas, F. Schüth, Angew. Chem. Int. 48, 6909–6912 (2009)
T.V. Choudary, D.W. Goodman, Catalysis 19, 164–183 (2006)
H.F. Abbas, W.M.A. Wan Daud, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35, 1160–1190 (2010)
N. Muradov, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 26, 1165–1175 (2001)
N. Muradov, T.N. Veziroglu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 30, 225–237 (2005)
M. Merkx, D. Kopp, M. Sazinsky, J. Blazyk, J. Müller, S.J. Lippard, Angew. Chem. 113, 2860–2888 (2001)
S.I. Chan, Y.-J. Lu, P. Nagababu, S. Maji, M.-C. Hung, M.M. Lee, I.-J. Hsu, P.D. Minh, J.C.-H. Lai, K.Y. Ng et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 3731–3735 (2013)
Y. Dongi, S. Meyer, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 22, 971–977 (1997)
G.A. Olah, G.K.S. Prakash, US 7704369, 2010
L.J. Frost, J. Hartvigsen, S. Elangovan, Formation of Synthesis Gas Using Solar Concentrator Photovoltaics (SCPV) and High Temperature Co-electrolysis (HTCE) of CO2 and H2O, OTC-20408-PP 2010 Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, May 2010
J.G. van Bennekom, R.H. Venderbosch, H.J. Heeres in Biodiesel—Feedstocks, Production and Applications ed. by Z. Fang (InTech, 2012)
P.D. Vaidya, A.E. Rodrigues, Chem. Eng. Technol. 32, 1463–1469 (2009)
W.O. Oduru, D.J. Redman, S.C.E. Tsang, EP 2279160 A1, 2011
www.isis-innovation.com, 22 May 2013
References to Section 4.1
J. Schulte, Process 5, 8–10 (2011)
DERA-German Minerals Resources Agency, Annual Report (2012) p.12
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HydroFrac_de.svg. 17 July 2013
BP, Statistical Review of World Energy (2013) p. 21
EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2013, AEO 2013 Early Release Presentation Washington, 5 Dec 2012
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HydroFrac_de.svg, 17 July 2013
US Energy Information Administration, 09 May 2011
BP, Statistical Review of World Energy (2013) p. 27
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook (2012)
BP, Statistical Review of World Energy (2013) pp. 31–34
C. Higman, M. van der Burgt, Gasification (GPP Gulf Professional Publishing, Elsevier, Amsterdam [etc.], 2008)
R. Dittmeyer, W. Keim, G. Kreysa, A. Oberholz (eds), Winnacker-Küchler: Chemische Technik—Prozesse und Produkte, 5th edn, vol. 4 (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006) p. 807
A. Bandi, M. Specht, Gewinnung von Methanol aus Biomasse, Expertise im Auftrag der Union zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen e.V. (UFOP), Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Stuttgart, 2004
M. Mittelbach, Methanolgewinnung aus Biogas, Machbarkeitsstudie im Auftrag von Ökostrom Mureck GmbH, Land Steiermark, Graz, 2005
M. Specht, A. Bandi, The Methanol-Cycle—Sustainable Supply of Liquid Fuels, Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW), Themes 98/99 (Stuttgart, 1999) pp. 59–65
X. Yin, D.Y.C. Leung, J. Chang, J. Wang, Y. Fa, C. Wu, Energy Fuels 19, 305–310 (2005)
M. Specht, A. Bandi, F. Baumgart, C.N. Murray, J. Greetz, in Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, ed. by B. Eliasson, P.W.F. Riemer, A. Wokann (Pergamon, Amsterdam, 1999)
K.N. Wyatt, Catalytic Production of Methanol from Biogas. GB 2,375,353, 2002
F. Asinger, Methanol- Chemie- und Energierohstoff (Akademie, Berlin, 1987) pp. 17–19
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Global Forest Ressources Assessment—Progress towards sustainable forest management, FAO Foresty Paper 147, Rome, 2005
F. Behrend, Y. Neubauer, M. Oevermann, B. Wilmes, N. Zobel, Chem. Eng. Technol. 31(5), 667–677 (2008)
http://foris.fao.org/static/data/fra2005/maps/2.2.jpg, 30 May 2013
M. Kaltschmitt, H. Hartmann, H. Hofbauer, H. (eds), Energie aus Biomasse: Grundlage, Techniken und Verfahren (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2009) p. 377 ff
N. Dahmen, E. Dinjus, Chem. Ing. Tech. 82(8), 1147–1152 (2010)
Chemrec—Company Presentation, Transformative Biorefinery Technology for Forest, Biofuels and Power Industries, 2010
R. Rauch, Advanced biofuels by gasification—Status of R&D work in Güssing, Conference Highlights aus der Bioenergieforschung V, Wieselburg, 2011
Uhde Company Profile, online: www.uhde.eu, 25 Dec 2011
http://www.bioliq.de/, 30 May 2013
http://www.biodme.eu/, 30 May 2013
T. Rostrup-Nielsen, P.E. Højlund, F. Jøensen, J. Madsen, Polygeneration—integration of gasoline synthesis and IGCC power production using Topsøe′s TIGAS Process, in Risø International Energy Conference (Roskilde, 2007) pp. 56–68
http://www.methanol.org/, 30 Dec 2011
State of Europe’s Forest, The MCPFE Report on Sustainable Forest Management in Europe, Warsaw, 2007, p. 182
ZMP GmbH, Bonn, www.zmp.de, 23 June 2008
http://www.biogasportal.info/, 26 Dec 2011
Fachagentur Nachwachsender Rohstoffe e.V. Biogas Basisdaten Deutschland, 2008
Fachagentur Nachwachsender Rohstoffe e.V. Bestandsentwicklung der Biogasanlagen in Deutschland, 2011
Broschüre des Fachverbandes Biogas Multitalent Biogas, Berlin, 2008
S. Majer, A. Gröngröft, Ökologische und ökonomische Bewertung der Produktion von Biomethanol für die Biodieselherstellung, DBFZ-Studie, Leipzig, 2010
Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland, Pressemitteilung Nr. 050 vom 08.02.2011
R. Rölle, Stoffliche Verwertung von Klärschlamm durch Vergasung, Tagungsband der 6 (AWL-Tech, Sinsheim, 2002)
S. Lechtenböhmer, S. Nanning, B. Hillebrand, H.-G. Buttermann, Einsatz von Sekundärbrennstoffen (Umweltbundesamt, Dessau, 2006). Texte 07/06
H. Charisius, Technol. Rev. 1, 38 (2010)
References to Section 4.2
T. Wurzel, Lurgi MegaMethanol® technology-Delivering the building blocks for the future fuel and monomer demand. Oil Gas Eur. Mag. 2, 92–96 (2007)
C. Higman, M. van der Burgt, Gasification (GPR, 2006)
G.A. Olah, A. Goeppert, G.K. Surya Prakash, Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy, 2nd edn (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2009)
C. Sing, K. Liu, C. Song, V. Subramani (eds.), Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies (AIChE, Wiley, Copyright 2010 by American Institute of Chemical Engineers)
References to Section 4.3
K. Aasberg-Petersen, I. Dybkjær, C.V. Ovesen, N.C. Schjødt, J. Sehested, S.G. Thomsen, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 3, 423–459 (2011)
W. Hilsebein, “Gas to Methanol”, Lurgi Presentation (2006)
P. Häussinger, R. Lohmüller, A. Watson, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003)
N. Ringer, JJ&A Methanol Forum, Houston, 2010
J.J. Philipson, Catalyst Handbook (Wolfe Scientific Books, London, 1970), p. 46
C. Ratnasamy, J.P. Wagner, Catal. Rev. 51, 325–440 (2009)
K. Aasberg-Petersen, T.S. Christensen, I. Dybkjaer, J. Sehested, M. Ostberg, R.M. Coertzen, M.J. Keyser, A.P. Steynberg, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Fischer-Tropsch Technology (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004) pp. 258–405
J.T. Richardson, J.D. Ortego, N. Coute, M.V. Twigg, Catal. Lett. 41, 17–20 (1996)
P. Broadhurst, in Hydrocarbon Processing, Mar 2006
P. Broadhurst, Hydrocarbon Eng. 11(71–72), 74–75 (2006)
M.C. Annesini, V. Piemonte, L. Turchetti, Chemical Engineering Transactions (2007) pp. 21–26
P.E.J. Abbott, M. McKenna, GB2407818, 2005
G. Jones, J.G. Jakobsen, S.S. Shim, J. Kleis, M.P. Andersson, J. Rossmeisl, F. Abild-Pedersen, T. Bligaard, S. Helveg, B. Hinnemann et al., J. Catal. 259, 147–160 (2008)
A. Yamaguchi, E. Iglesia, J. Catal. 274, 52–63 (2010)
J. Wei, E. Iglesia, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 3685–3688 (2004)
J. Wei, E. Iglesia, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 3754–3759 (2004)
J. Wei, E. Iglesia, J. Catal. 225, 116–127 (2004)
J. Wei, E. Iglesia, J. Catal. 224, 370–383 (2004)
J. Wei, E. Iglesia, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 7253–7262 (2004)
J. Wei, E. Iglesia, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 4094–4103 (2004)
J. Rostrup-Nielsen, J. Catal. 144, 38–49 (1993)
D. Qin, J. Lapszewicz, Catal. Today 21, 551–560 (1994)
S. Helveg, C. López-Cartes, J. Sehested, P.L. Hansen, B.S. Clausen, J.R. Rostrup-Nielsen, F. Abild-Pedersen, J.K. Nørskov, Nature 427, 426–429 (2004)
F.B. Rasmussen, J. Sehested, H.T. Teunissen, A.M. Molenbroek, B.S. Clausen, Appl. Catal. A 267, 165–173 (2004)
J. Sehested, A. Carlsson, T.V.W. Janssens, P.L. Hansen, A.K. Datye, J. Catal. 197, 200–209 (2001)
Catalyst Brochure Clariant Deutschland GmbH http://www.catalysts.clariant.com/bu/catalysis/internet.nsf/023cfbb98594ad5bc12564e400555162/2345da075fc114efc1257ad0002d2c00?OpenDocument
Haldor Topsøe A/S, R-67-7H, can be found under http://www.topsoe.com/business_areas/ammonia/processes/~/media/PDF%20files/Steam_reforming/Topsoe_steam_reforming_cat_r%2067%207h.ashx
Haldor Topsøe A/S, RK-200 Series, can be found under http://www.topsoe.com/business_areas/ammonia/processes/~/media/PDF%20files/Steam_reforming/Topsoe_steam_reforming_cat_rk%20200_series.ashx
Johnson Matthey Group, Katalco. Steam reforming catalysts Natural gas, associated gas and LPG, can be found under http://www.jmcatalysts.com/ptd/pdfs-uploaded/Steam%20Reforming%20Feb%2007.pdf
S. Zhao, Y. Cai, J. Ladebeck, US7378369, 2008
Private Communication Clariant Deutschland GmbH
H. Yamashita, A. Kato, S. Uno, M. Mizumoto, S. Matsuda, EP0130835, 1984
G. Burgfels, K. Kochloefl, US4906603, 1990
K. Aasberg-Petersen, C.H. Christensen, C.S. Nielsen, I. Dybkjær, Fuel Chem. Div. Prepr. 47, 96–97 (2002)
J.R. Rostrup-Nielsen in Catalysis, Science and Technology ed. by J.R. Anderson, M. Boidart (Springer, Berlin, 1984) p. 1
C.H. Bartholomew, Appl. Catal. A 212, 17–60 (2001)
F.B. Rasmussen, J. Sehested, H.T. Teunissen, A.M. Molenbroek, B.S. Clausen, Appl. Catal. A 267, 165–173 (2004)
J. Sehested, Catal. Today 111, 103–110 (2006)
J. Sehested, J. Catal. 223, 432–443 (2004)
J. Sehested, J. Catal. 217, 417–426 (2003)
J.R. Rostrup-Nielsen, J. Sehested, J.K. Nørskov, J. Catal. 217, 65–139 (2003)
J. Boon, E. van Dijk, Adiabatic Diesel Pre-reforming. Literature Survey, can be found under http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2008/e08046.pdf
Haldor Topsøe A/S, RKNGR: Topsøe RKNGR Prereforming Leaflet (2001), can be found under http://www.topsoe.com
D. Shekhawat, D.A. Berry, T.H. Gardner, J.J. Spivey, Catal. Rev. 19, 184–254 (2006)
Shanghai YOSO Chem&Tech Co., Ltd., Naphtha Steam Pre-reforming Catalyst (ys-z501), can be found under http://yosochem.en.busytrade.com/selling_leads/info/2256262/Naphtha-Steam-Pre-reforming-Catalyst-ys-z501-.html
Johnson Matthey Group, Katalco. Delivering world-class methanol plant performance, can be found under http://www.jmcatalysts.com/ptd/pdfs-uploaded/Methanol%20Top%20level%20Feb%2007.pdf
S. Muschelknautz, P. Fritz, Syngas and Hydrogen Production for Chemical and Refinery Applications based on Natural Gas and other Feedstocks, ACHEMA, 2012
Süd-Chemie (now Clariant AG), Syngas Technical Manual (2006)
Süd-Chemie (now Clariant AG), Catalyst Brochure, ReforMax Catalysts for Primary Reforming, Product Bulletin (2011)
M.N. Pedernera, J. Piña, D.O. Borio, V. Bucalá, Chem. Eng. J. 94, 29–40 (2003)
B. Hartvigsen, Haldor Topsøe A/S Steam Reforming Technology User Conference, 2007
R. Elshout, Energy, Systems Engineering. Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming, posted in Chemical Engineering Processing 2010
M.N. Pedernera, J. Piña, D.O. Borio, V. Bucalá, Chem. Eng. J. 94, 29–40 (2003)
Nexant PERP Study, 2008
J.R. Rostrup-Nielsen in Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis ed. by G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, F. Schüth, J. Weitkamp (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Straight-tube_heat_exchanger_1-pass.PNG. Last modified 28 May 2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger. Page was last modified on 6 June 2013
T. Wurzel, Oil Gas Eur. Mag. 92 (2007)
P.K. Bakkerud, Catal. Today 106, 30–33 (2005)
Haldor Topsøe A/S, RKS-2-7H Secondary reforming catalyst, can be found under http://www.topsoe.com/business_areas/ammonia/~/media/PDF%20files/Steam_reforming/Secondary_reforming_catalyst_RKS%202%207H.ashx
Made-in-China.com, Secondary Reforming Catalyst (SPR-202), can be found under http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/suncatalysts/product-detailJqNxAhnVvEcK/China-Secondary-Reforming-Catalyst-SPR-202-.html
H. Göhna, Nitrogen 224, 31–38 (1996)
J. Wagner, MegaMethanol Technology, most economical and reliable technology for the new generation of Methanol plants. Süd-Chemie Conference "Defing the Future", Bahrein, 2004
H. Schlichting, Update on lurgi syngas technologies. Gasification Technologies, San Francisco, 2003
Anon, Nitrogen + Syngas, 316, 50–61 (2012)
References to Section 4.4
DOE, US department of Energy, Gasification 2010, worldwide database
T. Kolb, Brennstoffe 2, Karlsruhe, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chemische Energieträger und Brennstofftechnologie, Vorlesungsscript (2011)
A.-G. Collot, Matching gasifiers to coals (International Energy Agency, 2002)
C. Higman, Gasification (Elsevier, Burlington, 2003)
D.W. van Krevelen, Coal: Typology, Physics, Chemistry, Constitution (Elsevier, Delft, 1993)
A. Faaij, Modern biomass conversion technologies. Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Change 11, 335–367 (2006)
G. Schaub, Brennstoffe 1—Grundlagen, flüssige Brennstoffe, Erdölverarbeitung, BioBrennstoffe, Karlsruhe, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chemische Energieträger und Brennstofftechnologie, Vorlesungsscript, 2011
American Coal Foundation, Coal’s Past, Present, and Future (Online), http://teachcoal.org/. Accessed 2011
Gasification Technology Council, Gasification—An investment in our future (Online), www.gasification.org. Accessed 2010
R. Cheeley, Coal Gasification for DRI Production—An Indian Solution. Steel Times Int. (2010)
O. Turna, Lurgi GmbH, personal communication (based on process calculations)
H.J. Mühlen, F. Sowa, K.H. van Heek, Comparison of the gasification behavior of a West and East German brown coal. Fuel Process. Technol. 36, 185–191 (1993)
R.F. Probstein, R.E. Hicks, Synthetic fuels (McGraw-Hill Book, New York, 1990)
SFA-Pacific, Gasification: Worldwide Use and Acceptance, US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Gasification Technology council, 2000
O. Turna, Utilization of Sasol-Lurgi fixed bed bottom gasifcation for syngas production, Sasol Technology, R&D division, 2000
E. Supp, How to produce methanol from coal (Springer-Verlag, 1989)
G. Baron, Entwicklungsprobleme bei der technischen Vergasung fester Brennstoffe unter erhöhtem Druck nach dem Lurgi-Verfahren für die Erzeugung von normgerechtem Stadtgas, Universität (TH) Karlsruhe, Dissertation, 1963
D.E. Woodmansee, Modeling of fixed bed gas producer performance. Energy Commun. 2, 13–44 (1976)
M. Hobbs, Modeling Countercurrent Fixed-bed Coal Gasification. Brigham Young University, PhD, Brigham, 1990
P.R. Desai, C.Y. Wen, Computer Modeling of the MERC Fixed Bed Gasifier (U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, 1978)
N.R. Amundson, L.E. Arri, Char Gasification in a Countercurrent Reactor. AIChE J. 24, 87 (1978)
R. Stillman, Simulation of a Moving Bed Gasifier for a Western Coal. IBM J. Res. Dev. 240(s.1) 23 (1979)
H. Yoon, Modeling and Analysis of Moving Bed Coal Gasifiers, Universtiy of Delaware, Newark, PhD, 1978
Y.S. Cho, B. Joseph, Heterogeneous model for moving-bed coal gasification reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 20, 314 (1981)
M. Kim, B. Joseph, Dynamic behavior of moving-bed coal gasifiers. Ind. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 22, 212 (1983)
W. Yu, M. Denn, Radial effects in moving-bed coal gasifiers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 38, 1467 (1983)
J.R. Bunt, F.B. Waanders, An understanding of lump coal physical property behaviour (density and particle size effects) impacting on a commercial-scale Sasol-Lurgi FBDB™ gasifier. Fuel 87, 2856–2865 (2008)
H.-P. Schilling, B. Bonn, U. Krauss, Coal gasification: existing processes and new developments (Graham & Trotman, London, 1981)
F. Rodriguez-Reinoso, Controlled gasification of carbon and pore structure development. NATO advanced study institute, Cadarache (Kluwer Academic Publishers, France, 1990)
K.J. Daniel, Transist Model of a Fixed-Bed Gasifier, presented at AIChE, 88th National meeting, 1980
K. Hedden, Die Bedeutung der Reaktionsfähigkeit des Brennstoffs für koksbeheizte Schachtöfen. Chem. Eng. Sci. 14, 317–330 (1961)
A. Kristiansen, Understanding coal gasification (IEA Coal Research, London, 1996)
M.F. Ifran, M.R. Usman, K. Kusakabe, Coal gasification in CO2 atmosphere and its kinetics since 1948: a brief review. Energy 36, 12–40 (2011)
C.Y. Wen, Coal Conversion Technology (Addisoon-Wesley Publishing, Reading, Massachusetts, 1979)
N.M. Laurendeau, Heterogeneous kinetics of coal cahr gasification and combustion. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 4, 221–270 (1978)
J.L. Johnson, Kinetics of bitumious coal char gasification with gases containing steam and hydrogen, Kinetics of coal gasification (Wiley, New York, 1979)
S. Kajitani, N. Suzuki, M. Ashizawa, S. Hara, CO2 gasification rate analysis of coal char in entrained flow gasifier. Fuel 85, 162–169 (2006)
H. Marsh, Introducing in Coal Science (Butterwoth, London, 1989)
C. Natterman, Research on the pressurised gasification of coal with steam and carbon dioxide, Erdöl und Kohle. Erdgas, Petrochemie vereinigt mit Brennstoff-Chemie, 47, 287–295 (1994)
R. Kandiyoti, A. Herod, K. Bartle, Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids (Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2006)
F. Kapteijn, J.A. Moulijn, Kinetics of catalysed and uncatalysed coal gasification, in Carbon and Coal Gasification–Science and Technology, Alvor, Portugal, 20–31 May 1985
Z. Ma, A study on the intrinsic kinetics of steam gasification of Jincheng coal char. Fuel Process. Technol. 31, 69–76 (1992)
G. Liu, Mathematical modeling of coal char reactivity with CO2 at high pressures and temperatures. Fuel 79, 1145–1154 (2000)
Q. Xu, S. Pang, T. Levi, Reaction kinetics and producer gas compositions of steam gasification of coal and biomass blend chars, part 2: mathematical modelling and model validation. s.l. Chem. Eng. Sci. 10, 2232–2240 (2011)
M. Weeda, H.H. Abcouwer, F. Kapteijin, J.A. Moulijn, Steam gasification kinetics and burn-off behaviour for a bituminous coal derived char in the presence of H2. Fuel Process. Technol. 36, 235–242 (1993)
A. Megaritis, Y. Zhuo, R. Messenböck, Pyrolysis and gasification in a bench-scale high-pressure fluidized-bed reactor. Energy Fuels 12, 144–151 (1998)
J.R. Arthur, Reactions between Carbon and Oxygen. Chem. Soc. J. Faraday Trans. 47, 164–178 (1951)
G. Schaub, Experimentelle und Mathematische Simulation der Kohlevergasung in Festbettreaktoren, Frankfurt a. M., Interner Bericht, Lurgi GmbH (1986)
C.P.P. Singh, D.N. Saraf, Simulation of high-temperature water-gas shift reactors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 16(3), 313–319 (1977)
O. Levenspiel, Chemical reaction engineering, 3rd edn (Wiley, New York, 1999)
M. Bearns, Chemische Technik (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006)
G. Schaub, Gas production from coal, wood and other solid feedstocks, in Ullmann’s Encycloedia of Industrial Chemistry (VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1989)
E. Supp, How to produce methanol from coal Berlin, Springer, 1990
A. Guenther, Gasification of biomass for 2nd generation fuels, Achema presentation, 2012
M. Taijma, J. Tsunoda, Status of the EaGLE gasification pilotplant. Paper presented at the Gasification technologies conference San Francisco, 2002
Z. Yu, G. Yu, Opposed multiburner gasification technology, seven new projects in China. Paper presented at the gasification technology conference San Francisco, 2007
H. Hiller, Gasproduction (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2007)
W. Renzenbrink, K.J. Wolf, J. Ewers, RWE’s Cero-CO2 IGCC power plant: first steps towards commercial implementation. Paper presented at the 2nd International Freiberg conference on IGCC and XTL technologies, 2007
O. Turna, Moving Bed gasification of coal and substitutes, Dechema Kolloqium, Frankfurt, 4 April 2008
R. Pardemann, B. Meyer, Stand und Perspekiven der Kohlenutzung in Kraftwerken mit Vergasung. CIT 11, 1805–1819 (2011)
L. Plass, M. Wagner, Production of Synthetic Biofuels for the Bure Project in France, 4th BTL Conference, Berlin, 1/2 Dec 2010
Prenflo Krupp-Koppers, Clean Power Generation from Coal (Essen, Krupp-Koppers, 1996)
R. Abraham, Kohlevergasung: Stand und Ausblick, DGMK, 75. Sitzung, Arbeitskreis Kohle, Hamburg, 27.10.2011
Siedlungsabfall, Technische Anleitung zur Verwertung, Behandlung und sonstigen Entsorgung von Siedlungsabfällen, (Dritte Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Abfallgesetz) vom 14. Mai 1993, (BAnz. Nr. 99a vom 29.05.1993)
S. Schwinghammer, Mark+: The next Generation of Lurgi’s FBDB™ Gasifier, Coal Asia Conference, New Delhi, 27–28. Feb 2012
Siemens gasification and IGCC update, Gasification Technologies conference, 2 Nov 2010
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/gasification/gasifipedia/4-gasifiers/4-1-2-3_shell.html. Accessed 2013
J. Ciferno, J. Marano, Benchmarking Biomass Gasification technologies for fuels, Chemicals and Hydrogen Production, National Energy Technology Laboratory (2002)
O. Maurstad, An Overview of Coal based Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technology (MIT, 2005)
T. Giampaolo, The Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices, 2nd edn (The Faimont Press, Inc., 2003)
X. Guan et al., Demonstration of Hot Gas Filtration in Advanced Coal Gasification System, Power Systems Development Facility, Southern Company Services, 2007
P. Spath et al., Technoeconomic analysis of hydrogen production from western coal augmented with CO 2 sequestration and coalbed methane recovery (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999)
G. Raggio et al., Coal gasification pilot plant for hydrogen production. Part B: syngas conversion and hydrogen separation, in prepared for the Second International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies for our Future, 2005
T.A. Lynch, Operating Experience at the Wabash River Coal Gasification Repowering Project, in Dynergy Power Corp., prepared for the Gasification Technologies Conference, 1998
M.S. Naijar, D.Y. Jung, High Temperature Desulfurization of Synthesis Gas with Iron Compounds (Texaco Inc., 1993)
Uhde Press Release, No. 02, 2008
Allied Syngas Marketing Document
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/gasification/gasifipedia/4-gasifiers/4-3_syngas-detail.html. Accessed 2013
C.A. Callaghan, Worcester Polytechnic Inst., PhD (2006), p. 40
Y. Choi, H.G. Stenger, J. Power Sources 124, 432 (2003)
S. Werner, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen, PhD, 2011
G. Brenna, University of Bologna, PhD (2010), p. 40
C. Ratnasamy, J.P. Wagner, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng 51(3), 325–440 (2009)
E. Grol, W.C. Yang, DOE/NETL Report 401/080509, 2009
J. Wang, J. Spencer, J. Butler, Y. Cai, in 21st North American Catal. Society Meeting, San Francisco, 2009, P-W-88
K. Aasberg-Petersen, I. Dybkjær, C.V. Ovesen, N.C. Schjødt, J. Sehested, S.G. Thomsen, J. Nat. Gas. Sci. Eng. 3, 423 (2011)
H. Huang, N. Young, P. Williams, S. Taylor, G. Hutchings, Catal. Lett. 110, 243 (2006)
Clariant, Actisorb 300 series brochure, 2011
R. Quinn, T. Mebrahtu, T.A. Dahl, F.A. Lucrezi, B.A. Toseland, Appl. Catal. 264, 103 (2004)
Clariant, Actisorb 400/410 series brochure, 2011
R.L. Cornelissen, S. Clevers, CCS, Chrisgas project, 6th EU framework program, Report Chrisgas, 2009, WP3_D14
C.H. Bartholomew, Appl. Catal. 212, 17–60 (2001)
P. Forzatti, L. Lietti, Catal. Today 52, 165–181 (1999)
L. Kohl, R.B. Mielsen, Gas Purification, 5th edn. (Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, 1997)
H. Hiller, R. Reimert, F. Marschner, H.-J. Renner, W. Broll, E. Supp, M. Brejc, W. Liebner, G. Schaub et al., Gas Production. Ullmanns Enzyklopädie der technischen Chemie, 6. Auflage, Electronic CD-ROM version (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002)
R. Dittmeyer, W. Keim, G. Kreysa, A. Obernholz, Winnacker-Küchler, Chemische Technik, Prozesse und Produkte, Band 3: Anorganische Grundstoffe, Zwischenprodukte, 5. Auflage (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005)
S.A. Newmann, Acid and Sour Gas Treating Processes (Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, 1985)
B. Schreiner, Der Claus-Prozess. Chem. Unserer Zeit 42, 378–392 (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008)
R. Pardemann, B. Meyer, Status and Perspectives of coal utilization in power plants with coal gasification (German article). Chemie Ingenieur Technik 82(11), 1805–1819 (2011)
Lurgi/Air Liquide, The Rectisol Process–Lurgi’s leading technology for purification and conditioning of synthesis gas, Process information sheet 308e/01.11/10, 2012
References to Section 4.5
US Hydrogen Production Capacity, EIA report SR-01AF-CNEAF/2008-04
G. Maisonnier, J. Perrin, R. Steigenberger-Wilckens, S.C. Trümper, European Hydrogen Infrastructure Atlas, Industrial Excess Hydrogen Analysis Part II: Industrial Surplus Hydrogen Markets and Production, Roads2HyCom, Document R2H20006PU.1, 7 Mar 2007
J. Perrin, R. Steigenberger-Wickens, S.C. Trümper, European Hydrogen Infrastructure Atlas, Part III: Industrial Distribution Infrastructure, Roads2HyCom, Document R2H2007PU.1, 3 July 2007
M. Kappas, Klimatologie Klimaforschung im 21. Jahrhundert—Herausforderung für Natur- und Sozialwissenschaften (Spektrum Akademischer, Heidelberg, 2009) p. 159 ff
J.G. Canadell, C. Le Quéré, M.R. Raupach, C.B. Field, E.T. Buitenhuis, P. Ciais, T.J. Conway, N.P. Gillett, R.A. Houghton, G. Marland, PNAS 104(47), 18866–18870 (2007)
Global Carbon Dioxide Transport from AIRS Data, July 2008, online: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA11194, 31 May 2013
F. Ausfelder, A. Bazzanella, Position Paper on CO2 Utilizaiton and Storage, DECHEMA, Oct 2008
M. Prud’homme, in International Fertilizer Association Annual Meeting, Paris, 2010
G.A. Olah, A. Goeppert, K. Surya Prakash, J. Org. Chem. 74(2), 487–498 (2009)
G.A. Olah, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 52, 104–107 (2013) plus references cited therein
J. Strautmann, D. Wolf, T. Riethmann, A. Kather, M. Klostermann, M. Blug, A. Schraven, D. Kruse, Green Chem., 15, (2013) submitted
Press Release, Mitsui Chemicals, Tokyo, 25 Aug 2008
K.C. Tran, Carbon Recycling International, presentation to World Energy Council, 2009
http://www.carbonrecycling.is, 30 May 2013
A. Boddien, M. Beller et al., Science 333, 1733 (2011)
M. Czaun, A. Goeppert, R. May, R. Haiges, G.K.S. Prakash, G.A. Olah, ChemSusChem 4, 1241–1248 (2011)
D. Möller, LIFIS ONLINE, 15 Aug 2011. ISSN: 1864-6972
References to Section 4.5.1
G.A. Olah, A. Goeppert, G.K. Surya Prakash, Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2009). 2nd Updated and enlarged Edition
F. Asinger, Methanol: Chemie- und Energierohstoff (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1986)
J. Leclaire, G. Husson, N. Devaux, V. Delorme, L. Charles, F. Ziarelli, P. Desbois, A. Chaumonnot, M. Jacquin, F. Fotiadu, G. Buono, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(10), 582–3593 (2010)
J.-L. Wang, C.-X. Miao, X.-Y. Dou, J. Gao, L.-N. He, Curr. Org. Chem. 15(5), 621–646 (2011)
S.N. Riduan, Y. Zhang, Dalton Trans. 39, 3347–3357 (2010)
A. Bar-Evena, E. Noora, N.E. Lewisbc, R. Milo, Design and analysis of synthetic carbon fixation pathways. PNAS 107(19), 8889–8894, 11 May 2010
H.-W. Häring, Industrial Gases Processing (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008)
J. Rolker, M. Seiler, Adv. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1, 280–288 (2011)
A.L. Kohl, R.B. Nielsen, Gas Purification, 4th edn. (Gulf Publishing, Houston, 1997)
C.M. White, B.R. Strazisar, E.J. Granite, J.S. Hoffman, H.W. Pennline, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 53(6), 645–715 (2003)
M. Ramezan, N. Nsakala, G.N. Liljedahl, L.E. Gearhart, R. Hestermann, B. Rederstorff, Carbon Dioxide Capture from Existing Coal Fired Power Plants, DOE/NETL-401/120106 (National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2006). doi:10.1081/SS-200042244
D. Aaron, C. Tsouris, Sep. Sci. Technol. 40(1), 321 (2005)
O. Davidson, H.C. de Coninck, M. Loos, L.A. Meyer (eds.) IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (Cambridge University Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Press, Cambridge, New York, 2005)
J. Van Straelen, F. Geuzebroek, N. Goodchild, G. Proto-papas, L. Mahony, Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 4(1), 316–320 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2009.09.022
J.D. Figueroa, T. Fout, S. Plasynski, H. McIlvried, R.D. Srivastava, Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 2(1), 9–20 (2008). doi:10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00094-1
J. Seagraves, M. Quinlan, J. Corley, Fundamentals of Gas Treating, in Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference (LRGCC), 2010
R.N. Tennyson, R.P. Schaaf, Oil Gas J. 10(1), 78–86 (1977)
B.T. Oyenekan, G.T. Rochelle, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45(1), 2457–2464 (2006). doi:10.1021/ie050548k
J. Oexmann, A. Kather, Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 4(1), 36–43 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2009.09.010
B.A. Oyenekan, G.T. Rochelle, AIChE J. 53(1), 3144–3154 (2007). doi:10.1002/aic.11316
G.T. Rochelle, CO2 capture by aqueous absorption/stripping opportunities for better technology, in Workshop on Carbon Sequestration Science, Washington, D.C., 2001
P.V. Danckwerts, Gas-Liquid Reactions (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970)
Wiley-VCH and LASTWiley-VCH, Ullmann’s Agrochemicals, vol. 1 (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2007)
G. Sartori, D.W. Savage, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 22(1), 239–249 (1983). doi:10.1021/i100010a016
J.-Y. Park, S.J. Yoon, H. Lee, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(1), 1670–1675 (2003). doi:10.1021/es0260519
F. Bougie, M.C. Iliuta, Chem. Eng. Sci. 65(1), 4746–4750 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.ces.2010.05.021
R.G.F. Albry, M.S. DuPart, Amine Plant Trouble-Shooting and Optimization (Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, 1995) pp. 3–11
K.P. Shen, M.-H. Li, J. Chem. Eng. Data 37(1), 96–100 (1992). doi:10.1021/je00005a025
O.F. Dawodu, A. Meisen, J. Chem. Eng. Data 39(1), 548–552 (1994). doi:10.1021/je00015a034
F.-Y. Jou, A.E. Mather, F.E. Otto, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 73(1), 140–145 (1995). doi:10.1002/cjce.5450730116
J. Gmehling, J. Chem. Eng. Data 38(1), 143–146 (1993). doi:10.1021/je00009a036
G. Senger, G. Wozny, Chem. Ing. Tech. 83(4), 503–510 (2011). doi:10.1002/cite.201000210
M. Seiler, J. Rolker, PCT/EP 2010/051083, 2010
M. Seiler, J. Rolker, DE 102010043838.3, 2010
M. Seiler, T. Pott, WO 2006/048182, 2006
M. Seiler, J. Rolker, R. Schneider, A. Kobus, J. Reich, W. Benesch, H. Brüggemann, WO 2010/139616, 2010
M. Seiler, J. Rolker, R. Schneider, A. Kobus, D. Witthaut, M. Neumann, M. Keup, D. Dembkowski, W. Benesch, H. Winkler, J. Reich, T. Riethmann, EP 2258460, 2010
M. Seiler, J. Rolker, R. Schneider, B. Glöckler, A. Kobus, J. Reich, W. Benesch, H. Brüggemann, T. Riethmann, H. Winkler, WO 2010/089257, 2010
F.-Y. Jou, A.E. Mather, F.E. Otto, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 21(1), 539–544 (1982). doi:10.1021/i200019a001
T.R. Aikins, L.E. Parks, J.N. Iyengar, R.B. Fedich, D. Perry, Sterically hindered amines-thirty years of gas treating practice, in Annual Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, Norman, 20–23 Feb 2011
G.W. Xu, C.-F. Zhang, S.-J. Qin, Y.-W. Wang, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 31(1), 921–927 (1992). doi:10.1021/ie00003a038
P.W.J. Derks, Carbon dioxide absorption in piperazine activated N-methyldiethanolamine, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente, Nederland, 2006
F.-Y. Jou, F.-E. Otto, A.E. Mather, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33(1), 2002–2005 (1994). doi:10.1021/ie00032a016
J. Seagraves, R.H. Weiland, Treating high CO2 gases with MDEA. Petrol. Technol. Quart. GAS 103–109 (2009)
J.A. Bullin, J.C. Polasek, S.T. Donnelly, The Use of MDEA and Mixtures of Amines for Bulk CO2 Removal (Bryan Research & Engineering, Inc., 2006). http://www.bre.com
R. Notz, I. Tönnies, H.P. Mangalapally, S. Hoch, H. Hasse, Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 5(3), 413–421 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2010.03.008
B. Schäfer, A.E. Mather, K.N. Marsh, Fluid Phase Equilib. 194–197, 929–935 (2002). doi:10.1016/S0378-3812(01)00722-1
J. Rolker, M. Seiler, Elements 37. Quaterly Sci. Newsl. Evonik Ind. AG 4, 2011
J. Rolker, T. Lenormant, M. Seiler, Chem. Ing. Tech. 84(6), 849–858 (2012)
P.D. Vaidya, E.Y. Kenig, Chem. Eng. Commun. 194(12), 1543–1565 (2007)
H.E. Benson, J.H. Field, R.M. Jimeson, Chem. Eng. Prog. 50, 356–364 (1954)
Overview of UOP Gas Processing Technologies and Applications, Presentation, 2009. http://www.uop.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/UOP-Overview-of-Gas-Processing-Technologies-and-Applications-tech-presentation.pdf
References to Section 4.5.2
A. Earnshaw, N.N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997)
Z. Jiang, T. Xiao, V.L. Kuznetsov, P.P. Edwards, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 3343–3364 (2010)
P. Häussinger, R. Lohmüller, A.M. Watson Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2000)
M.A. Rosen, D.S. Scott, in Proceedings of the Ninth World Hydrogen Energy Conference (Paris, France, 1992), p. 457
N.Z. Muradov, T.N. Veziroglu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 30, 225–237 (2005)
http://www.praxair.com/gases/buy-compressed-hydrogen-gas-or-liquid-hydrogen
S. Muschelknautz, P. Fritz, Syngas and hydrogen production for chemical and refinery applications based on natural gas and other feedstocks, in ACHEMA Congress, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 2012
http://www.praxair.com/praxair.nsf/AllContent/7E8A75E1CC87FA998525655E000B40DA?OpenDocument&URLMenuBranch=88FFF0AAE2BDB4948525706F00587825 nicht auffindbar
L. Barreto, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 28, 267–284 (2003)
L. Barreto, A. Makihira, K. Riahi, Medium and Long-term Demand and Supply Prospects for Fuel Cells: The Hydrogen Economy and Perspectives for the 21st Century, Laxenburg, Austria, 2002
J.N. Armor, Catal. Lett. 101, 131–135 (2005)
G. Parkinson, Chem. Eng. 108(10), 29–37 (2001)
B. Suresh, S. Schlag, Y. Inoguchi, Hydrogen Market Report, document 743.5000 A, SRI (Consulting Menlo Park, USA, 2004), p. 6
C. Petit, US News World Rep. 135(22), 54 (2003)
I. Dincer, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37, 1954–1971 (2012)
Press Release, Air Products’ Gulf Coast Pipeline Fills Additional Hydrogen Requirement (Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., Lehigh Valley, 2011), can be found under http://www.airproducts.com/company/news-center/2011/08/0809-air-products-gulf-coast-pipeline-fills-additional-hydrogen-requirement.aspx
Brochure, Increase Hydrogen Supply Availability with Cavern Storage, Praxair Information 10/06 P-9808 (Praxair Technology, Inc., Danbury, 2006) can be found under http://www.praxair.pt/praxair.nsf/0/3A0AB529A089B473852571F0006398A3/$file/027847_PRAX_RefinSpec_4_low_res.pdf
J. Perrin, R. Steinberger-Wilckens, S.C. Trümper, European Hydrogen Infrastructure Atlas, Part III Industrial distribution infrastructure, document R2H2007PU.1, 2007, can be found under http://www.roads2hy.com/wp2.html
References to Section 4.5.3
IHS Chemical, CEH Marketing Research Report Hydrogen. Abstract, 2010, can be found under http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/hydrogen.aspx
M. Bertau, C. Pätzold, D. Meyer, unpublished results
C. Lange, Bachelor Thesis, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, 2011
T. Smolinka, M. Günther, J. Garche, Stand und Entwicklungspotenzial der Wasserelektrolyse zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff aus regernativen Energien, Berlin, 2010
S. Marini, P. Salvi, P. Nelli, R. Pesenti, M. Villa, M. Berrettoni, G. Zangari, Y. Kiros, Electrochim. Acta 82, 384–391 (2012)
K.E. Ayers, E.B. Anderson, C. Capuano, B. Carter, L. Dalton, G. Hanlon, J. Manco, M. Niedzwiecki, ECS Transactions (ECS, 2010)
A. Goñi-Urtiaga, D. Presvytes, K. Scott, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37, 3358–3372 (2012)
M. Laguna-Bercero, J. Power Sources 203, 4–16 (2012)
T. Ishihara, T. Kannou, S. Hiura, N. Yamamoto, T. Yamada, Steam Electrolysis Cell Stack using LaGaO3-Based Electrolyte, Karlsruhe, 2009
W. Suksami, I. Metcalfe, Solid State Ionics 178, 627–634 (2007)
Z. Wang, R. Roberts, G. Naterer, K. Gabriel, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37, 16287–16301 (2012)
M.T. Balta, I. Dincer, A. Hepbasli, Int. J. Energy Res. 34, 757–775 (2010)
R.L. Uffen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3298–3302 (1976)
S.A. Markov, Energy Procedia 29, 394–400 (2012)
R.L. Uffen, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 3, 197–206 (1981)
References to Section 4.6
R.W. Joyner, F. King, M.A. Thomas, G. Roberts, Catal. Today 10, 417 (1991)
G. Petrini, F. Mortino, A. Bossi, F. Garbassi, Preparation of Catalysts III, in Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, ed. by P. Grange, P.A. Jacobs, G. Poncelet, vol. 16 (1983) p. 735
Y. Zhang, Q. Sun, J. Deng, D. Wu, S. Chen, Appl. Catal. A. 158, 105 (1997)
P. Gherardi, O. Ruggeri, F. Trifiro, A. Vaccari, G. Del Piero, G. Manara, B. Notari. Preparation of Catalysts III, in Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, ed. by P. Grange, P.A. Jacobs, G. Poncelet, vol. 16 (1983) p. 723
Y. Zhang, Q. Sun, J. Deng, D. Wu, S. Chen, Appl. Catal. A 158, 105 (1997)
R.H. Hoppener, E.B.M. Doesburg, J.J.F. Scholten, Appl. Catal. 25, 109 (1986)
Y. Okamoto, K. Fukino, T. Imanaka, S. Teranishi, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 3747 (1983)
W.L. Marsden, M.S. Wainwright, J.B. Friedrich, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 19, 551 (1980)
M.S. Wainwright, W.L. Marsden, J.B. Friedrich, GB 066 856, 1981
H.E. Curry-Hyde, D.J. Young, M.S. Wainwright, Appl. Catal. 29, 31–41 (1987)
H.E. Curry-Hyde, M.S. Wainwright, D.J. Young, Methane Conversion. s.l (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988) p. 239
W.G. Baglin, G.B. Atkinson, L.J. Nicks, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 20, 87 (1981)
J.B. Friedrich, M.S. Wainwright, D.J. Young, J. Catal. 14 (1983)
F. Fajula, R.G. Anthony, J.H. Lunsford., J. Catal., 237–256 (1982)
Storch, H., US 1.681.753 A 1, 1928
J. Yoshihara, S.C. Parker, A. Schafer, C.T. Campbell, Catal. Lett. 31, 313 (1995)
J. Gallagher, Y. H. Kiold, GB 1 159 035, 1965
J. Ladebek, J. Koy, T. Regula, US 2005.080.148
D. Waller, D. Stirling, F.S. Stone, M.S. Spencer, Faraday Discuss. 87, 107 (1989)
S.H. Taylor, G.J. Hutchings, A.A. Mirzaei., Chem. Commun. 1373 (1999)
D.M. Whittle, A.A. Mirzaei, J.S.J. Hargreaves, R.W. Joyner, C.J. Kiely, S.H. Taylor, G.J. Hutchings, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4, 5915 (2002)
B. Bems, M. Schur, A. Dassenoy, H. Junkes, D. Herein, R. Schlögl, Chem. Eur. J. 9, 2039 (2003)
B.L. Kniep, T. Ressler, A. Rabis, F. Girgsdies, M. Baenitz, F. Steglich, R. Schlögl, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 112 (2004)
M. Behrens, F. Girgsdies, A. Trunschke, R. Schlögl, Minerals as model compounds for Cu/ZnO catalyst precursors: Structural and thermal properties and IR spectra of mineral and synthetic (zincian) malachite, rosasite and aurichalcite and a catalyst precursor mixture. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1347–1357 (2009)
M. Behrens, F. Girgsdies, Structural effects of Cu/Zn substitution in the Malachite–Rosasite system. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 636, 919–927 (2010)
B. Kniep, Technical University of Berlin, Microstructural modifications of copper Zinc Oxide, PhD Thesis, 2005. opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/…/kniep_benjamin.pdf
C. Baltes, S. Vukojevic, F. Schüth, J. Catal. 258, 334–344 (2008)
K. Yamagishi, Y. Obata, Y. Sugano, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical. ss for manufacturing methanol and process for manufacturing catalyst for methanol synthesis. EP19960106327 (1996)
J.C.J. Bart, R.P.A. Sneeden, Catal. Today 2, 122 (1987)
G.C. Chinchen, P.J. Denny, J.R. Jennings, M.S. Spencer, K.C. Waugh, Appl. Catal. 36, 1 (1988)
S. Gusi, F. Pizzoli, F. Trifiro, A. Vaccari, G.D. Piero, Preparation of Catalysts IV, in Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, ed. by P. Grange, P.A. Jacbos, G. Poncelet, B. Delmon, vol. 31 (1987)
M. Minelli, G. Moretti, J. Catal. 109, 367 (1988)
G. Sengupta, D.P. Das, M.L. Kundu, S. Dutta, S.K. Roy, R.N. Sahay, K.K. Mishra, Appl. Catal. 55, 165 (1989)
I. Kasatkin, P. Kurr, B. Kniep, A. Trunschke, R. Schlögl, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 7324–7327 (2007)
L. Ma, T. Tran, M.S. Wainwright, Top. Catal. 22, 295–304 (2003)
H. Topsoe, online: http://www.topsoe.com/business_areas/methanol/~/media/PDF%20files/Methanol/Topsoe_methanol_mk%20121.ashx
Süd Chemie, General Catalyst Catalogue, online: www.clariant.com. www.sudchemie.com]
M. Schneider, K. Kochloefl, J. Ladebeck, US Patent 4,535,071
J. Koy, F. Schmidt, J. Ladebeck, WO03053575
J.B. Hansen, P.E. Højlund Nielsen, in Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, 2nd edn, ed. by H. Knözinger, F. Schüth, J. Weitkamp, G. Ertl (Wiley–VCH, Weinheim, 2008) pp. 2920–2949
M. Behrens, F. Studt, I. Kasatkin, S. Kühl, M. Hävecker, F. Abild-Pedersen, S. Zander, F. Girgsdies, P. Kurr, B.-L. Kniep, M.l Tovar, R.W. Fischer, J.K. Nørskov, R. Schlögl, Sci. online, 18 May 2012
C.Kittel, H. Kroemer (eds.) Thermal Physics (S.R Furphy and Company, New York, 1980) p. 246
W. Liebner, E. Supp. Combined reforming: a most economical way from natural gas to alcohols and synfuels, in VIII International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels, 1988
H.F. Rase, Handbook of commercial catalysts: heterogeneous catalysts (CRC Press LLC, 2000) p. 430
O.A. Hougen, K.M. Watson, R.A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, vol. part 2 (1959)
G. Soave, Chem. Eng. Sci. 27, 1197 (1972)
D.Y. Peng, D.B. Robinson, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 15, 59 (1976)
Y. Lwin, Int. J. Eng. Ed. 16(4), 335–339 (2000)
W.J. Thomas, S. Portalski, Ind. Eng. Chem. 50, 967 (1958)
R.H. Newton, B.F. Dodge, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56, 1287 (1934)
R.M. Ewell, Ind. Eng. Chem 149 (1940)
V.M. Cherednichenko, Ph. D. Thesis, Korpova, Physico-Chemical Institute, Moscow, 1953
T. Chang, R.W. Rousseau, P.K. Kilpatrick, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 25, 477 (1986)
G.H. Graaf, P.J.J.M. Sijtsema, E.J. Stamhuis, G.E.H. Joosten, Chem. Eng. Sci. 11, 2883 (1986)
W. Kotowski, Przem. Chem. 44, 66 (1965)
Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 15. (Wiley, 2005), pp. 398–415
L. Bisset, Chem. Eng. (N.Y.) 21, 155 (1977)
S. Lee, in Handbook of alternative fuel technologies, ed. by J.G. Speight, S.K. Loyalka, S. Lee. s.l. (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007)
X.-M. Liu, G.Q. Lu, Z.-F. Yan, J. Beltramini, Recent advances in catalysts for methanol synthesis via hydrogenation of CO and CO2. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42, 6518 (2003)
Sinor Synthetic Fuels Report, vol. 6, p. 126 (1999)
P.J.M. Tijm, F.J. Waller, D.M. Brown, Methanol technology developments for the new millenium. Appl. Catal. A 221, 275 (2001)
J.E. Miller, Sandia Report, SAND2007-8012, 2007
H.-W. Lim, M.-J. Park, S.-H. Kang, H.-J. Chae, J.W. Bae, K.-W. Jun, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48, 10448–10455 (2009)
W. Seyfert, G. Luft, Chem. Ing. Tech. 57, 482 (1985)
B.J. Lommerts, G.H. Graaf, A.A.C.M. Beenackers, Chem. Eng. Sci. 55, 5589–559 (2000)
G.H. Graaf, E.J. Stamhuis, A.A.C.M. Beenackers, Kinetics of low-pressure methanol synthesis. Chem. Eng. Sci. 43(12), 3185–3195 (1988)
G.H. Graaf, H. Scholtens, E.J. Stamhuis, A.A.C.M. Beenackers, Chem. Eng. Sci. 45, 773–783 (1990)
A. Brehm, Kinetik homogener Reaktionen—Formalkinetik. gmehling.chemie.uni-oldenburg.de. (Online)
W. Keim, Pure Appl. Chem. 58(6), 825–832 (1986)
E. Ramaroson, R. Kieffer, A. Kiennermann, Appl. Catal. 4, 281 (1982)
E.R.A. Matulewicz, Ph. D. Thesis. s.l. (University of Amsterdam, 1984)
D.J. Elliott, F. Pennella, J. Catal. 119, 359 (1989)
J.B. Hansen, in AIChE National Meeting, Conference Proceedings (1990), p. 109
G.C. Chinchen, Appl. Catal. 36, 1–65 (1988)
J.C.J. Bart, R.C.P. Sneeden, Catal. Today 2, 1–124 (1987)
M.V. Twigg (ed.), Catalyst Handbook, 2nd edn (1989) pp. 441–468
JM, Katalco-51 Apico
I. Løvik, Modelling, estimation and optimizazion of the methanol synthesis with catalyst deactivation, Doctoral Thesis Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2001
M.R. Rahimpour, J. Fathikalajahi, A. Jahanmiri, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 76, 753–761 (1998)
J. Richardson, Nitrogen Methanol. (1999)
N Ringer, Clariant Produkte Deutschland GmbH. Nitrogen Methanol (2004)
References to Section 4.7
K. Aasberg-Petersen, C.S. Nielsen, I. Dybkjær, J. Perregaard, Large scale methanol production from natural gas, 2013, found at: http://www.topsoe.com/business_areas/methanol/~/media/PDF%20files/Methanol/Topsoe_large_scale_methanol_prod_paper.ashx
E. Supp, How to produce methanol from coal (Springer, New York, 1990)
J. Ott, V. Gronemann, F. Pontzen, E. Fiedler, G. Grossmann, B. Kersebohm, G. Weiss, C. Witte, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry, 7th edn. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2013)
Chemsystems PERP Program, ‘Methanol’, Nexant Report 07/08-2, Nov 2008
Adapted from a private communication of Davy Process Technology
U. Zardi, G. Pagani, US Patent 5756048, 1998
I. Dybkjaer, Chem. Econ. Eng. Rev. 13(6), 17–25 (1981)
JM/DPT private communication
ChemSystems, Prospectus 2009/10, Methanol Strategic Business Report, Nexant Inc
I. Takase, K. Niwa, Chem. Econ. Eng. Rev. 17(5), 24–30 (1985)
P.J.A. Tijm, F. Waller, D.M. Brown, Appl. Catal. A, 221, 275–282 (2001)
E. Fiedler, G. Grossmann, D. Kersebohm, G. Weiss, C. Witte, “Methanol.” Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Release 2003, 6th edn (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA, Weinheim, 2003)
T. Wurzel, in World Methanol Conference, Houston, 15 Mar 2012
S. Lee, Methanol Synthesis from Syngas. In: S. Lee, James G. Speight, Sudarshan K. Loyalka (eds.) Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies (CRC Press, 2007), © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
W. Hilsebein, J. Blaurock, in Constructing a MegaMethanol® Plant—Start to finish, Methanol Forum Houston, 14 Oct 2004
Methanol Technologies: Methanol plants keep getting bigger, Nitrogen + Syngas, 316, 2012
L. Connock, Nitrogen + Syngas, 297, 40–55 (2009)
T. Wurzel, Lurgi MegaMethanol® Technology-Delivering the Building Blocks for the Future. Fuel and Monomer demand. Oil Gas Eur. Mag., 2, 92–96 (2007)
B. Höhlein, T. Grube, P. Biedermann, H. Bielawa, G. Erdmann, L. Schlecht, G. Isenberg, R. Edinger, Methanol als Energieträger, Forschungszentrum Jülich (2003)
U. Zardi, G. Pagani, EP-A-O 359 952
Linde, 2013 http://www.linde-engineering.com./de/footer/termsofuse.htmlAccessed. Referenz ist OK
PERP Report, Nexant ChemSystems, 2013 http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/gasification/gasifipedia/pdfs/lpmeoh-oct2001.pdf
References to Section 4.8
P. Davies, F. Forster Snowdon, G.W. Bridger, D.O. Hughes, P.W. Young, DE 1241429 B, 1963
M. Saito, M. Takeuchi, T. Fujitani, J. Toyir, S. Luo, J. Wu, H. Mabuse, K. Ushikoshi, K. Mori, T. Watanabe, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 14, 763–772 (2000)
K. Ushikoshi, K. Mori, T. Kubota, T. Watanabe, M. Saito, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 14, 819–825 (2000)
J. Toyir, R. Miloua, N.E. Elkadri, M. Nawdali, H. Toufik, F. Miloua, M. Saito, Phys. Proc. 2, 1075–1079 (2009)
M. Saito, Catal. Surv. Jpn. 2, 175–184 (1998)
V. Gronemann, W. Liebner, P. di Zanno, F. Pontzen, M. Rothaemel, Nitrogen+Syngas, 308, 36–39 (2010)
First Commercial Plant for methanol production (Carbon Recycling International), download from http://www.carbonrecycling.is/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=8&lang=en, 25 March 2013
G.A. Olah, A. Goeppert, G.K.S. Prakash, J. Org. Chem. 74, 487–498 (2009)
Mitsui CSR Report 2010 (Mitsui Chemicals Inc.) 2010, download from http://www.mitsuichem.com/csr/report/ebook/2010/index.htm, 9 Dec 2011
V. Gronemann, W. Liebner, P. DiZanno, F. Pontzen, M. Rothaemel, Nitrogen + Syngas, 308, 36–39 (2010)
Bayer Sustainable Development report 2010 (Bayer AG), 2010, download from http://www.sustainability2010.bayer.com/en/sustainable-development-report-2010.pdfx, 12 Dec 2011
Y. Zhang, J. Fei, Y. Yu, X. Zheng, Energy Conv. Mgmt. 47, 3360–3367 (2006)
G. Centi, S. Perathoner, Greenhouse Gases: Sci. Technol. 1(1), 21–35 (2011)
Research and Development of WVCoal (West Virginia Coal Association) 2013, download from http://www.wvcoal.com/Research-Development/iceland-recycles-even-more-co2.html, 25 March 2013
J. Richardson, Nitrogen Methanol, 238, 29ff (1999)
H. Göhna, P. König, Chem. Technol. 24, 36–39 (1994)
J. Wu, S. Luo, J. Toyir, M. Saito, M. Takeuchi, T. Watanabe, Catal. Today 45, 215–220 (1998)
M. Saito, T. Fujitani, M. Takeuchi, T. Watanabe, Appl. Catal. A 138, 311–318 (1996)
D. Rotman, Chem. Week 154(11), 14 (1994)
E. F. Magoon, L. H. Slaugh (Shell Int. Res. Maatschappij B.V.), DE 2154074 B2, 1971
H. Yamada, T. Watanabe (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co.), EP 2492008 A1, 2010
A. Passariello (Ammonia Casale S.A.), DE 3238845 A1, 1982
M. Schneider, K. Kochloefl, O. Bock (Süd-Chemie AG), DE 3403491 A1, 1984
J. Koy, F. Schmidt, J. Ladebeck (Süd-Chemie AG), WO 2003053575 A1, 2002
E. Armbruster, O. Frei et al. (Lonza AG), WO 199703937, 1996
M. Takeuchi, H. Mabuse et al., EP 0864380 B1, 1998
S. Asano, T. Nakamura (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co.), DE 2365001 A1, 1973
H. Fukui, M. Kobayashi et al. (Direktor General of Agency of Ind. Sci. and Techn., YKK Corp.), DE 69808983 T2, 1998
K. Fujimoto, K. Fujimoto, N. Yamane, US 20100234649 A1, 2007
S.-H. Kang, J.W. Bae et al., US 20110118367 A1, 2009
Data provided by Lurgi AG. Reproduction with kind permission
H. Göhna, P. König et al. (Metallgesellschaft AG), US 5,631,302, 1997
O.-S. Joo, K.-D. Jung, Y. Jung, Carbon Dioxide utilization for global sustainability, in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization, 2007
O.-S. Joo, K.-D. Jung, Y. Jung, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 153, 67–72 (2004)
O.-S. Joo, CAMERE Process for carbon dioxide hydrogenation to form methanol, 2013, download from http://web.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/45_4_WASHINGTON%20DC_08-00_0686.pdf, 25 March 2013
Mitsui Seeks Partners for CO2-Based Methanol Plant IHS Chemical Week (1 March 2010), 2010
T. Matsushita, T. Haganuma, D. Fujita (Mitsui Chemicals Inc.), US 20130237618 A1, 2011
T. Matsushita, T. Haganuma, D. Fujita (Mitsui Chemicals Inc.), WO 2011136345 A1, 2011
G. Olah, S. Prakash (The University of Southern California), US 7,608,743, 2009
A. Shulenberger, F. Jonsson, O. Ingolfsson, K.-C. Tran, US 20070244208, 2007
http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/george-olah-renewable-methanol-plant-iceland/
J. Słoczyński, R. Grabowski, P. Olszewski, A. Kozłowska, J. Stoch, M. Lachowska, J. Skrzypek, Appl. Catal. A. 310, 127–137 (2006)
D.L. Chiavassa, J. Barrandeguy, A.L. Bonivardi, M.A. Baltanás, Catal. Today 133–135, 780–786 (2008)
D.L. Chiavassa, S.E. Collins, A.L. Bonivardi, M.A. Baltanás, Chem. Eng. J. 150, 204–212 (2009)
G.J. Millar, C.H. Rochester, K.C. Waugh, Catal. Lett. 14, 289–295 (1992)
M. Muhler, E. Törnqvist, L.P. Nielsen, B.S. Clausen, H. Topsøe, Catal. Lett. 25, 1–10 (1994)
Q. Sun, C.-W. Liu, W. Pan, Q.-M. Zhu, J.-F. Deng, Appl. Catal. A 171, 301–308 (1998)
M.S. Spencer, Catal. Lett. 60, 45–49 (1999)
K.-D. Jung, A.T. Bell, J. Catal. 193, 207–223 (2000)
T. Kubota, I. Hayakawa, H. Mabuse, K. Mori, K. Ushikoshi, T. Watanabe, M. Saito, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 15, 121–126 (2001)
W. Curtis Conner, J.L. Falconer, Chem. Rev. 95, 759–788 (1995)
S.E. Collins, M.A. Baltanás, A.L. Bonivardi, J. Catal. 226, 410–421 (2004)
S.E. Collins, M.A. Baltanás, A.L. Bonivardi, Langmuir 21, 962–970 (2005)
S.-H. Kang, J.W. Bae, K.W. Jun, K.-S. Min, S.-L. Song, S.-H. Jeong, EP 2305379 A2, 2009
A. Barber Stiles, DE 2320192 A, 1972
X. Dong, H.-B. Zhang, G.-D. Lin, Y.-Z. Yuan, K.R. Tsai, Catal. Lett. 85, 237–246 (2003)
F. Pontzen, W. Liebner, V. Gronemann, M. Rothaemel, B. Ahlers, Catal. Today 171, 242–250 (2011)
Z. Xu, Z. Qian, L. Mao, K. Tanabe, H. Hattori, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 64, 1658–1663 (1991)
Y. Nitta, O. Suwata, Y. Ikeda, Y. Okamoto, T. Imanaka, Catal. Lett. 26, 345–354 (1994)
X.-M. Liu, G.Q. Lu, Z.-F. Yan, J. Beltramini, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42, 6518–6530 (2003)
J. Ladebeck, J. Koy, T. Regula, DE 10160486 A1, 2001
A. Erdohelyi, M. Pasztor, F. Solymosi, J. Catal. 98, 166 (1986)
N. Tsubaki, K. Fujimoto, Top. Catal. 22(3–4), 325–335 (2003)
J. Słoczyński, R. Grabowski, A. Kozłowska, M. Lachowska, J. Skrzypek, Pol. J. Chem. 75, 733–742 (2001)
T.C. Schilke, I.A. Fisher, A.T. Bell, J. Catal. 184, 144–156 (1999)
S.E. Collins, D.L. Chiavassa, A.L. Bonivardi, M.A. Baltanás, Catal. Lett. 103, 83–88 (2005)
J. Toyira, P.R. de la Piscina, J.L.G. Fierro, N. Homs, Appl. Catal. B 29, 207–215 (2001)
N. Nomura, T. Tagawa, S. Goto, Appl. Catal. A 166, 321–326 (1998)
M. Saito, T. Fujitani, M. Takeuchi, T. Watanabe, Appl. Catal. A 138, 311–318 (1996)
M. Behrens, J. Catal. 267, 24–29 (2009)
M. Behrens et al., Chem. Commun. 47, 1701–1703 (2011)
M. Behrens et al. App. Catal., A. 392, 93–102 (2011)
M. Saito, M. Takeuchi, T. Watanabe, J. Toyir, S. Luo, J. Wu, Energy Convers. Mgmt. 38, 403–408 (1997)
J. Deng, Q. Sun, Y. Zhang, S. Chen, D. Wu, Appl. Catal. A 139, 75–85 (1996)
Q. Sun, Y.-L. Zhang, H.-Y. Chen, J.-F. Deng, D. Wu, S.-Y. Chen, J. Catal. 167, 92–105 (1997)
R.P.W.J. Struis, S. Stucki, M. Wiedorn, J. Membr. Sci. 113, 93–100 (1996)
R.P.W.J. Struis, M. Quintilii, S. Stucki, J. Membr. Sci. 177, 215–223 (2000)
R.P.W.J. Struis, S. Stucki, Appl. Catal. A 216, 117–129 (2001)
B. Sea, K.-H. Lee, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 80, 33–38 (2003)
B. Sea, K.-H. Lee, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 7, 417–423 (2001)
B. Sea, K.-H. Lee, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 22, 1400–1402 (2001)
K. Hagihara, H. Mabuse, T. Watanabe, M. Kawai, M. Saito, Engery Convers. Mgmt. 36, 581–584 (1995)
K. Hagihara, H. Mabuse, T. Watanabe, M. Saito, Catal. Today 36, 33–37 (1997)
H. Mabuse, K. Hagihara, T. Watanabe, M. Saito, Energy Convers. Mgmt. 38, 437–442 (1997)
G.P. van der Laan, A.A.C.M. Beenackers, B. Ding, J.C. Strikwerda, Catal. Today 48, 93–100 (1999)
Q.D. Truong, J.-Y. Liu, C.-C. Chung, Y.-C. Ling, Catal. Commun. 19, 85–89 (2012)
J. Mao, T. Peng, X. Zhang, K. Li, L. Zan, Catal. Commun. 28, 38–41 (2012)
P.L. Richardson, M.L.N. Perdigoto, W. Wang, R.J.G. Lopes, App. Catal. B 126, 200–207 (2012)
S. Wesselbaum, T. vom Stein, J. Klankenmeyer, W. Leitner, Angew. Chem. 124, 7617–7620 (2012)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wernicke, HJ., Plass, L., Schmidt, F. (2014). Methanol Generation. In: Bertau, M., Offermanns, H., Plass, L., Schmidt, F., Wernicke, HJ. (eds) Methanol: The Basic Chemical and Energy Feedstock of the Future. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39709-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39709-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-39708-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-39709-7
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)